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It is the affirmative responsibility of the user of the Liposuction.com website to determine the accuracy, reliability, or suitability of the information contained or referenced in the Liposuction.com website or otherwise made available through the Liposuction.com website.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medical information presented on the Liposuction.com website is not intended to replace consultation with a qualified health care provider. Neither Liposuction.com, its employees, agents, or assigns answers specific medical questions or refers persons to specific health care providers. Any information provided on the Liposuction.com website should not be considered to be completely error free or to include all relevant information. In addition, the information contained on the Liposuction.com website should not be used as an exclusive basis for decision-making.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Neither Liposuction.com, its employees, agents, or assigns, or any of its authors, participants, sponsors, contributors, advertisers or any other party involved with the Liposuction.com website warrants that the information is accurate and complete and are not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of such information. Neither Liposuction.com, its employees, agents, or assigns, or any of its authors, sponsors, contributors or any other party involved with the Liposuction.com website is responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any form of damages whatsoever resulting from the use of information contained or implied in the Liposuction.com website. You are encouraged to consult other sources and confirm the information contained herein. Use of the information presented in the Liposuction.com website is strictly voluntary and at the user's sole risk, and Liposuction.com, its employees, agents, and assigns, and its authors, participants, sponsors, contributors, advertisers or any other party involved with the Liposuction.com website disclaims any responsibility for positions taken by users in their individual cases or for any misunderstanding on the part of users.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Neither Liposuction.com, its employees, agents, or assigns, or any of its authors, participants, sponsors, contributors, advertisers or any other party involved with the Liposuction.com website is responsible for user dissatisfaction in any way with a particular service provider. 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Liposuction.com makes no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or any other aspect of the information contained on such websites.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>No warranty of any kind, either express or implied, is made concerning the information contained or referenced in the Liposuction.com website or otherwise made available through the Liposuction.com website, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall Liposuction.com, its employees, agents, or assigns, or any of its authors, participants, sponsors, contributors, advertisers or any other party involved with the Liposuction.com website be held liable to any person for any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, or any other form of damages whatsoever arising from the use of or reliance upon any of the information contained or referenced in the Liposuction.com website or otherwise made available through the Liposuction.com website. 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Degrees","field_other_degrees_any_meta":"","field_fellowships":"Fellowships","field_fellowships_any_meta":"","field_certifications":"Certifications","field_certifications_any_meta":"","field_hospitalaffiliations":"Hospital Affiliations","field_academic_appointment":"Academic Appointment","field_academic_appointment_any_meta":"","field_societies":"Societies","field_societies_any_meta":"","field_articles":"Articles","field_articles_any_meta":"","field_cannulas":"cannulas","field_cannulas_any_meta":"","field_website":"Website","field_website_any_meta":"","field_language":"Language","field_language_any_meta":"","field_latitude":"Latitude","field_latitude_any_meta":"","field_longitude":"Longitude","field_longitude_any_meta":"","page_title_procedure-overview":"Liposuction Surgery Body Area Procedures: Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_procedure-overview":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Procedures<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h2>\r\n\tLiposuction Surgery Body Area Procedures<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe body areas that can be treated by Liposuction Surgery are different for men and women.<br \/>\r\n\tThe most frequently treated areas for women are the abdomen, breasts, hips, outer thighs, anterior thighs, inner thighs, knees, arms, buttocks, cheeks and neck.<br \/>\r\n\tIn men, who comprise about 15% to 25% of liposuction patients, the most commonly treated areas include the chin and neck area, abdomen, flanks (&quot;love-handles&quot;), and breasts.<br \/>\r\n\tThese pages discuss the various aspects and unique considerations of liposuction surgery for that selected area of the body:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/abdomen.html\"><strong>Abdomial Liposuction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe abdomen is the most common area of the body to be treated by liposuction among both men and women. Important factors that affect the success of abdominal liposuction include: the amount and location of abdominal fat, history of weight gain and weight loss, history of pregnancy, and the age and the sex of the patient.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/anterior-thighs.html\"><strong>Anterior Thighs Liposuction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tOn the anterior thighs, optimally smooth results are more important than maximal volume reduction. Excessive liposuction of the anterior thighs can easily produce ugly irregularities of the skin.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/arms.html\"><strong>Arm Liposuction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tTumescent liposuction of the arms using microcannulas provides excellent cosmetic results. The arms are one of the areas that consistently yield the highest level of patient satisfaction and happiness.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/female-back.html\"><strong>Female Back Liposuction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tLiposuction of the female back can produce dramatic improvements. Tumescent liposuction with microcannulas can remove this unsightly localized &quot;bra-fat&quot; and provide dramatic aesthetic improvement.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/breats-female.html\"><strong>Female Breast Liposuction - Breast Reduction Surgery<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tTumescent liposuction of the female breast totally by local anesthesia can produce both a significant breast reduction and a moderate but gratifying breast lift.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/breasts-male.html\"><strong>Male Breast Liposuction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe goal for liposuction of the male breast is simple: Improve the patient&#39;s physical appearance by removing as much fat as possible while avoiding any damage to skin or muscles.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/buttocks.html\"><strong>Buttocks Liposuction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe goal of tumescent liposuction of the buttocks to achieve uniformly smooth results with a pleasing reduction in size and bulk. The surgeon must strive to achieve a symmetry and avoid excessive fat removal.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/face-neck.html\"><strong>Face and Neck Liposuction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tTumescent liposuction is the safest and usually the most effective technique for removing fat from the chin, cheeks and jowls. Liposuction involves fewer complications, fewer scars, avoids the dangers of general anesthesia, has a more rapid recovery, lower costs, and typically gives a more natural appearance compared to a facelift.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/flanks-male.html\"><strong>Male Flanks Liposuction - Removing Love Handles<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe male flanks, also known as love-handles, are located just above the crest of the hip bone. In the female the identical anatomic area is called the waist.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/inner-thighs.html\"><strong>Inner Thigh Liposuction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe inner thigh area is a common area of concern among women who seek liposuction. Inner thigh liposuction can significantly improve the silhouette of the thigh and reduce the rubbing together of the inner thighs. Ideally, there should be no significant lumpiness or irregularity of shape, and no visible evidence of a surgical procedure.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/legs-ankles.html\"><strong>Legs and Ankle Liposuction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe distribution and proportion of localized fat on female legs and ankles is genetically predetermined. Women who have a disproportionate and displeasing distribution of fat on their legs often find that this fat is resistant to diet and exercise.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/outer-thighs.html\"><strong>Outer Thighs Liposuction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tFat on female thighs and hips is largely determined by inherited genetics, and it is often resistant to exercise and dieting. For many women, liposuction of the thighs means they will look better in their clothes, and they no longer need to feel self-conscious when wearing a bathing suit.<i><br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/i><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n","field_suffix":"Suffix","field_suffix_any_meta":"","field_marchex_enable":"Marchex Enabled","field_marchex_number":"Marchex Number","field_marchex_campaign_id":"Marchex Campaign ID","field_disciplined_3":"","field_disciplined_4":"","imported_links_to":"Import selected links to one category:","for_tab_delimiter":"For TAB delimiter enter \\t","error_upload_csv":"Error upload CSV file","listings_edded":"Listings added","uncheck_all":"Uncheck All","with_status":"with status","import_csv":"Import CSV","check_all":"Check All","delimiter":"Delimiter","csv_file":"CSV File","import":"Import selected links","parse":"Parse","arrow":"arrow","verytop":"Very Top","_parent":"Parent Frame","topbanner":"Top Banner","image_fit":"Enlarge the image if it will be less than entered sizes","verybottom":"Very Bottom","banner_url":"Banner URL","add_banner":"Add Banner","banner_alt":"Banner Alternative Text","edit_banner":"Edit Banner","image_height":"Image Height","banner_type":"Banner Type","banner_added":"Banner added.","banner_title":"Banner Title","banner_email":"Your e-mail","banner_img_url":"Banner image URL","suggest_banner":"Suggest Banner","use_orig_params":"Use original parameters","include_subcats":"include subcategories","image_keepratio":"Keep image ratio","choose_file_upload":"Choose a file to upload","manage_banner_plans":"Manage Banner Plans","click_to_add_banner":"Click here to add Your Banner","banner_url_incorrect":"Banner URL is incorrect.","paypal_not_installed":"You need install any payment plugin before create a banners plan.","remote_url_incorrect":"You must specify an URL to the remote banner.","uploads_not_writable":"Uploads folder is not writable. Your customers will not be able submit Local(image,flash) bunners.","banner_title_is_empty":"Banner Title is empty.","banner_type_incorrect":"Banner type is incorrect.","page_title_my_banners":"My Banners","cron_for_expiration_b":"Cron for changing banner after payment is expired","banner_email_incorrect":"As you are not registered we need to know your correct email that informs you about any changes with your banner.","set_status_after_submit":"Set banner status after submit as","page_content_index_browse":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Browse Categories<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div>","page_title_browse":"Surgeon Locator","page_title_liposuction-information":"Liposuction Information -  Liposuction.com","page_content_liposuction-information":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Liposuction Information<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3> Liposuction Defined<\/h3>\r\n<p> Liposuction is defined as the removal of fat from deposits beneath the skin using a hollow stainless steel tube (called a cannula) with the assistance of a powerful vacuum. Liposuction can be accomplished either with the use of general anesthesia, or with heavy IV sedation, or totally by local anesthesia. This web site considers both the benefits and the potential dangers of local anesthesia and of systemic anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Tumescent Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Tumescent liposuction refers to a technique that uses large volumes of very dilute local anesthesia that is injected into the fat causing the targeted areas to be come tumescent, or swollen and firm. Local anesthesia is widely regarded as the safest form of anesthesia. Because local anesthesia persists for many hours there is no need for narcotic pain medications after surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Modified Tumescent Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Modified tumescent liposuction refers to a combination of tumescent local anesthesia plus some form of systemic anesthesia (general anesthesia or heavy IV sedation). Because general anesthesia or heavy IV sedation can be dangerous, they must be administered by an anesthesiologist.<\/p>\r\n<h3> The Different Liposuction Techniques<\/h3>\r\n<p> There are many ways to do liposuction, for example liposuction can be accomplished painlessly either totally by local anesthesia or with general anesthesia. In the realm of liposuction, maximum speed and maximum volume of aspirate are not criteria for excellence. Ultimately, excellence is measured in terms of patient happiness which is a function of safety, patient comfort, finesse, and quality of results. The important distinction between liposuction surgeons who are board certified is the liposuction technique that they use. The surgeon&#39;s specialty is not as important as the surgeon&#39;s technique, experience and attitude toward safety.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Liposuction Complications<\/h3>\r\n<p> Liposuction complications are often the direct result of lack of caution, poor judgment, over confidence, ignorance about pharmacology, or adherence to faulty dogma. This web site discusses these traits, and explains how to reduce the risk of liposuction surgical complications.<\/p>\r\n<h3> The &quot;Art of Liposuction&quot;<\/h3>\r\n<p> Liposuction is a medium of artistic expression that displays itself in (1) a practical application of scientific knowledge, (2) the production of what is beautiful, (3) a perfection of workmanship, (4) a perpetual quest for improvement in technique, and (5) a skill attained through clinical experience, and above all (6) making people feel happy about what they see in the mirror.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Artistry and Safety are Related<\/h3>\r\n<p> This web site asserts that artistry and safety depend on each other. The word &quot;art&quot; implies skill and mastery of a technique. In order to master an artistic liposuction technique, the surgeon must have the skill and intelligence to avoid exposing patients to unnecessary dangers. The true artist provides better results, and uses the safest technique and never forgets the duty to &quot;first, do no harm.&quot; For example, even if a patient wants to have a large volume of liposuction accomplished in one session, the artist convinces the patient that serial liposuction procedures are safer and ultimately yield better results. It is not artistry to take unnecessary risks or push liposuction to the limits of safety.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Risks of Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Risks of Liposuction must be well understood by all prospective liposuction patients. This web site emphasizes the need to constantly be aware of safety issues. In order to minimize the risk of liposuction, the patient must be aware of the following facts:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n  <li> Too much liposuction is an excessive volume of aspirated fat, or an excessive number of areas treated. Excessive surgical trauma (excessive liposuction) is dangerous and is an important cause for serious liposuction complications.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Unrelated surgical procedures on the same day as liposuction are unnecessary. Prolonged exposure to anesthesia is dangerous and is an important cause for serious liposuction complications.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Disfiguring skin irregularities and depressions are frequently the result of the surgeon&#39;s inattention to detail. For example, if a liposuction surgeon attempts to do too much on a single day, and becomes fatigued, the result may be an inattention to detail, and undesirable cosmetic results. A liposuction cannula is a stainless steel tube inserted through an incision in the skin that is employed to suction the fat. The size of the liposuction cannula can influence the smoothness of the skin after liposuction. The use of large cannulas tend to create irregularities more commonly than microcannulas (outside diameter less than 3 millimeters). Surgeons who do total-body liposuction tend to use larger cannulas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3> Tumescent Technique is Safest<\/h3>\r\n<p> The tumescent technique for liposuction is unquestionably the safest form of liposuction. When tumescent liposuction is done correctly (not excessively), it is a very safe procedure. For example, there have been no reported deaths associated with tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia. Even when general anesthesia is combined with the tumescent technique, liposuction is quite safe provided the volume of fat removed and the number of areas treated during a single surgery is not excessive. The dilute epinephrine contained in the tumescent anesthetic solution profoundly shrinks capillaries and thus virtually eliminates surgical blood loss.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Smoother Cosmetic Results<\/h3>\r\n<p> The tumescent technique permits the use of microcannulas which in turn yields smoother cosmetic results. Traditional liposuction cannulas (stainless steel tubes) have a relatively large diameter and remove fat rather quickly. However, with the use of large cannulas (diameter greater than 3 millimeters) there is an increased risk of irregularities and depressions in the skin. Microcannulas with a diameter less than 3 millimeters, allow fat to be removed in a smoother and more uniform fashion. Some surgeons prefer larger cannulas because it allows liposuction to be done more quickly.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Rapid Healing<\/h3>\r\n<p> After tumescent liposuction, there is a certain amount of blood-tinged local anesthetic solution that remains under the skin. This excess fluid is either slowly absorbed over several weeks into the blood stream, or it can be rapidly removed by drainage through skin incisions and absorbed by special absorptive pads (HK Pads).<\/p>\r\n<h3> Rapid Drainage<\/h3>\r\n<p> Rapid drainage of blood-tinged anesthetic solution out of incision sites, accelerates the rate of healing, and reduces post-operative pain swelling, and bruising. Post-liposuction drainage of blood-tinged anesthetic solution can be maximized by 1) leaving incision sites open and not closed with sutures, 2) placing several adits (1.5 mm tiny round holes) in the skin to encourage drainage, 3) placing HK Pads on the skin to absorb the drainage, and 4) wearing spandex compression garments to encourage drainage.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_liposuction-history":"History of Liposuction -  Liposuction.com","page_content_liposuction-history":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Liposuction History<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction has become one of the most commonly performed cosmetic surgeries in the United States. In 1974, Dr. Giorgio Fischer, a gynecologist from Italy invented the original form of liposuction. French physicians Illouz and Fournier further developed liposuction around 1978. By 1980, liposuction was extremely popular in the United States but was confronting negative publicity due to patients experiencing excessive bleeding and undesirable rippling of the skin after surgery. In 1985, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jeffreykleinliposuction.com\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Jeffrey A. Klein<\/a>, a California Dermatologist, invented the tumescent technique for liposuction, revolutionizing liposuction surgery. His &ldquo;Tumescent Technique&rdquo; allowed patients to have liposuction performed totally by local anesthesia using much smaller cannulas. Patients could now have liposuction surgery without the fear of excessive bleeding and undesirable skin depressions. Follow the links above to read more extensive information about the history of liposuction.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_tumescent-liposuction":"History of Tumescent Liposuction -  Liposuction.com","page_content_tumescent-liposuction":"<h1 class=\"resultTitle\">\r\n\tHistory of Tumescent Liposuction<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"line2\">\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe tumescent liposuction technique uses large volumes of very dilute solutions of local anesthesia that is gently injected into subcutaneous fat. Tumescent liposuction is the only technique that permits liposuction to be accomplished totally by local anesthesia. It is also the only technique that virtually eliminates both the need for general anesthesia and surgical blood loss as a routine problem of liposuction. Some surgeons use a modified version of tumescent liposuction consisting of general anesthesia or heavy IV sedation and tumescent infiltration for eliminating blood loss. Tumescent liposuction was invented by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jeffreykleinliposuction.com\" target=\"_blank\">Jeffrey Klein, M.D<\/a>., a dermatologist in San Juan Capistrano, California.<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tTraditional Assumptions<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tTraditional assumptions were not correct. In many ways, the effect of the tumescent technique for local anesthesia is just the opposite of what one might predict using &quot;common-sense&quot; assumptions and traditional surgical teachings.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tOne might suspect that by diluting a solution of local anesthetic (containing lidocaine and epinephrine) the anesthesia would be less effective; instead the dilution permits a larger volume of local anesthesia that can spread more widely and produce larger areas of anesthesia.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tAlthough microcannulas remove less fat per minute compared to larger traditional cannulas, microcannulas permit the removal of a greater total volume of fat and produce much smoother results.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDuring liposuction by local anesthesia, patients are awake, but experience less pain than patients who have liposuction under general anesthesia. After awakening from general anesthesia patients require narcotic analgesia, whereas local anesthesia persists for many hours after surgery so that patients only require acetaminophen (Tylenol).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tOfficial FDA Lidocaine Dose Limits<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tOfficial FDA lidocaine dose limits were established by the FDA in 1948 at a time when the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) did not require objective data before approving a drug company&#39;s dosage recommendations. The 7 mg\/kg of lidocaine dose limit was approved by the FDA without supporting scientific data. In fact, the official dose limits for lidocaine were established in 1948 in a brief letter to the FDA from the drug&#39;s manufacturer which simply stated that &quot;the maximum safe dose of lidocaine is probably the same as that for procainamide.&quot;<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tNo FDA Data on Subcutaneous Lidocaine<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUnder the Freedom of Information Act, the FDA has stated that it has no further data upon which to support its current recommendations. The FDA has no data regarding maximum safe doses of lidocaine with epinephrine when injected under the skin. The only data the FDA has relate to the use of local anesthesia injected into deeper tissue such as around the spine. In fact, data published in scientific medical journals and years of experience has shown that the safe upper limits for dilute tumescent lidocaine with epinephrine is approximately 45 mg\/kg.<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tGeneral Anesthesia Might Be Used Unnecessarily<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tGeneral anesthesia might be used unnecessarily when anesthesiologists are unaware that the FDA limits on lidocaine were designed exclusively for epidural anesthesia (7 mg\/kg) and that the limits for tumescent local anesthesia are much higher (45 mg\/kg). In effect, the underestimation of the maximum safe dosage of dilute lidocaine and epinephrine when injected under the skin has encouraged the use of general anesthesia in some situations where it is not necessary.<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tLiposuction Before Tumescent Technique<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tFor many years, general anesthesia was an absolute requirement for liposuction. The standard cannulas of the 1980&#39;s were huge, having diameters of 6 to 10 mm and cross sectional areas 9 to 25 times greater than today&#39;s 2 mm microcannulas. The first written description of liposuction was published by Fischer of Italy in 1977. Soon afterwards, the French surgeons <a href=\"\/early-liposuction.html\">Illouz<\/a> and Fournier popularized liposuction using blunt-tipped cannulas. Preoperative infiltration of a small volume of a vasoconstrictive solution of epinephrine into the targeted fat was termed the wet technique. Using no preoperative infiltration was known as the dry technique. In 1982, several American dermatologists, plastic and cosmetic surgeons visited France to observe Illouz do liposuction. By 1983, Americans were doing liposuction using general anesthesia, epidural regional anesthesia, or heavy IV sedation supplemented by small volumes of local anesthesia. In the 1980&#39;s and early 1990&#39;s, among surgeons who did not use the tumescent technique, liposuction was frequently associated with excessive bleeding, prolonged recovery time, and disfiguring irregularities of the skin.<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tThe Inventor of Tumescent Liposuction<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe tumescent technique was invented by Jeffrey A. Klein, M.D., a dermatologist who now practices in San Juan Capistrano, California. Dr. Klein attended medical school at University of California San Francisco. After medical school, he obtained training and board certification in Internal Medicine at UCLA and Dermatology at UC Irvine. Additional studies included a masters degree in biostatistics at UC Berkeley, and a National Institutes of Health (NIH) research fellowship in clinical pharmacology. Dr. Klein started his private practice of dermatology in November of 1984.<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tInvention of the Tumescent Technique<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn February, 1985, Dr. Jeffrey Klein attended a liposuction course where all of the faculty did liposuction using general anesthesia. Liposuction by local anesthesia was thought to be impossible. However, to Dr. Klein it seemed obvious that one could at least do a small volume of liposuction by local anesthesia. The real question was &quot;How much liposuction could be done using local anesthesia?&quot; He decided to determine how much fat could be removed with the use of a maximum of 500 mg of lidocaine, and 0.5 mg of epinephrine. Dr. Klein observed that each increase in the dilution of the lidocaine and epinephrine permitted local anesthesia of a greater volume of subcutaneous. It only remained to determine the ideal dilution, and to estimate a safe maximum total dosage of lidocaine.<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tThe First Tumescent Liposuction Patient<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tOn April 5, 1985, Dr. Klein performed his first liposuction procedure. The patient had a localized accumulation of fat on the lower abdomen above a transverse hysterectomy scar. The liposuction was accomplished using undiluted commercially available concentrations of local anesthesia (500 mg of lidocaine and 1 mg of epinephrine in 50 milliliters), and only a small volume of fat (less than 100 ml) was removed. This first patient experienced absolutely no pain during the liposuction, and also no surgical bleeding because the epinephrine caused capillary vasoconstriction. However, the injection did cause a stinging pain and there was a rapid heart rate (tachycardia) after completing the injection as a result of the high concentration of epinephrine (also known as adrenalin).<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tEarly Tumescent Liposuction Patients<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tEach successive patient received a solution of lidocaine and epinephrine that was more dilute than that of the preceding patient. Surprisingly, Dr Klein observed no change in the degree of local anesthesia, but there was less stinging with the injection and there was less tachycardia (rapid heart rate) after the injection. Furthermore, each successive dilution provided a larger volume of local anesthesia, which allowed local anesthesia over a larger and larger volume of subcutaneous fat. By the end of 1985, an elementary form of the tumescent liposuction had evolved. The optimal concentration of tumescent solution of local anesthesia was found to be between 500 mg to 1250 mg of lidocaine, and 0.5 and 1.0 mg of epinephrine per liter of solution.<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tFirst Publication of the Tumescent Technique<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe first public description of the tumescent technique was a lecture by Dr. Klein in Philadelphia in June of 1986. The first article describing the tumescent technique was published in the American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery in January of 1987 (Klein JA, The tumescent technique for liposuction surgery. American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 1987, volume 4, pages 263-267).<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tImproved Anesthesia<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tContinual process of refinement and improvement of the tumescent technique over the years now allows liposuction to be done with exceptional finesse and gentleness and totally by local anesthesia. The stinging pain originally associated with infiltration of local anesthesia (the result of the acidic pH of commercially available lidocaine) has been eliminated by adding sodium bicarbonate (NaC03) to the anesthetic solution. The incidence of rapid heart rate resulting from the epinephrine in the tumescent anesthetic solution has been almost eliminated by the use of clonidine (0.1 mg) taken by mouth immediately prior to surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tMaximum Safe Dose of Tumescent Lidocaine<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tHaving established the feasibility and safety of liposuction using large volumes of tumescent local anesthesia containing lidocaine the final step was to find an estimate of the maximum safe dose of lidocaine. A dose of lidocaine is considered to be excessive and potentially toxic if the concentration of lidocaine in the blood exceeds 6 milligrams per liter. By repeatedly measuring lidocaine concentration in the blood after tumescent infiltration, Dr. Klein discovered that the peak lidocaine concentration in the blood occurs at approximately 12 hours after initiating the tumescent infiltration. This finding was unprecedented. The prevailing belief was that peak lidocaine blood levels occur less than 2 hours after infiltration. By graphing the magnitude of the peak concentrations as a function of the lidocaine dosage (mg\/kg), a safe dosage for tumescent lidocaine was shown to be 35 mg\/kg to 50 mg\/kg. (Klein JA, Tumescent technique for regional anesthesia permits lidocaine doses of 35 mg\/kg for liposuction. Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology 16:248-263,1990).<\/p>\r\n","page_title_early-liposuction":"Early Liposuction -  Liposuction.com","page_content_early-liposuction":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Early Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><table border=\"0\" style=\"margin-top: 10px; width: 634px; height: 135px;\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tThe liposuction technique innovator. Professor of post-graduate education in aesthetic and plastic surgery. Head surgeon of the aesthetic section of the department of plastic surgery at the Saint Louis Hospital in Paris ( France ).<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t<img src=\"uploads\/d865849dd7.jpg\" style=\"width: 108px; height: 110px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;\" \/><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>\r\n\tVisit Dr. Yves-G&eacute;rard Illouz&#39;s website: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.liposuccion.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.liposuccion.com<br \/>\r\n\t<\/a>email:<a href=\"mailto:ygillouz@hotmail.com\"> ygillouz@hotmail.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"600\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Biography <\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tActive Member of the New York Academy of Sciences<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBorn on September 12, 1939 in Oran (then French Algeria)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPrimary and secondary school in Oran<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBachelor in Arts and Philosophy in 1956<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDegree of Sciences at the University of Montpellier<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMedical college of the University of Paris in 1957<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPractice at the Paris Hospitals: admission<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGeneral Surgery, H&ocirc;pital Bichat (Prof. Charrier)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNutrition Diseases, H&ocirc;pital Beaujon (Prof. Azerad)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tResident, Paris Hospitals<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tResident, Paris Area Hospitals<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNeurosurgery, H&ocirc;pital Lariboisi&egrave;re (Dr. Lebeau)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOrthopedic Surgery and Treatment of Paralysis (Dr. G&eacute;rard Lemarchand)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGeneral Surgery, H&ocirc;pital Saint Denis (Dr. David)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCongenital Deformities and Surgical Treatment of Paralysis (musculotendon transplantation), H&ocirc;pital Saint Louis (Dr. Lance)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVascular Surgery (Prof. Mondor, Prof. Olivier, Prof . Oudot, Prof. Couinaud)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCongenital Deformities, H&ocirc;pital SaintDenis (Prof Duhamel)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBurns, Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Institut Gustave Roussy (Dr. Monsaingeon)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGeneral Surgery, H&ocirc;pital d&#39;Argenteuil (Dr. Lazard)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tObstetric Surgery (Dr. Auclair)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCancer Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery, Institut du Cancer (Prof. Redon)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTraumatic Surgery, H&ocirc;pital de Bondy (Prof. Rouvillois)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tM.D. diploma, Paris Faculty<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Board<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tQualified Surgeon by the French Medical Council, 1968.<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCertified Plastic Surgeon.<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tPlastic surgeon at the H&ocirc;pital Saint-Louis (Paris).<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Societies:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tFrench Society of Aesthetic Surgery, 1971, Board of Directors<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tTeacher and Member of the Board of Examination for the Board Certification of Aesthetic Surgery : President elect in 1985. Resignation in 1986<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tPresident of the international Society of Body Contouring and Lipolysis (1981)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tFully registered at the British Medical Council (1982)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tFully registered at the Bahamas Medical Council (1983 - 1986)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tFully registered at the Dutch Medical Council (1995)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tSince 1979, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCertifi&eacute; par le &quot;Conseil M&eacute;dical Hollandais&quot; (1985)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCorresponding Member of the Sociedad Colombiana de Cirurg&iacute;a Pl&aacute;stica (1983)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tHonorary Member of the Chicago Society of Plastic Surgery (1983)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCorresponding Member of the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (1983)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tFellow of the Israel Association of Plastic Surgeons (1984)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCorresponding member of the Argentina Society of Plastic Surgery (1984)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCorresponding member of the Turkish Society of Plastic Surgery (1984)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCorresponding member of the A.S.P.R.S. (1986)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tMember of the French Society of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (1986)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tMember of the I.S.A.P.S. (1987)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCorresponding member of the A.S.A.P.S. (1987)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tHonorary Member of the International Society of Clinical Plastic Surgeons at Canc&uacute;n (1987)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tHonorary Member of the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (1988<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tMember of the French College of Plastic Surgeons (1990)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tMember of the Faculty I.S.A.P.S : Los Angeles, Montreal, San Diego, Malaga, Stockholm, New Delhi, New York, Paris, Istambul, Zurich, Tampere, Berlin, Puerto Vallerta, Johannesburg.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Distinctions<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tClinique Spontini: a place of honor <a href=\"http:\/\/www.liposuccion.com\/uk\/spontini.htm\">liposuccion.com\/uk\/spontini.htm<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tM&eacute;daille Vermeil (highest Paris decoration)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDiffenbach Medal (Berlin)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDiploma of Honour (Pasteur and Weizmann Institutes)<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tExpert at the the Paris Court of Appeals<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Founder<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCharity Organization &quot;MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES&quot; (French Doctors) with charity mission in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tS.O.F.C.E.P. (Soci&eacute;t&eacute; Fran&ccedil;aise des Chirurgiens Plasticiens Esth&eacute;ticiens) equivalent to A.S.A.P.S. (1987)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tFounder and Honorary President of the American Society of Body Contouring and Lipoplasty (1982)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tInnovator of the ILLOUZ&#39; TECHNIQUE FOR LIPOLYSIS, 1977<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Co-auteur du Livre Annuel de Chirurgie Esth&eacute;tique<\/strong> (Librairie Maloine, 27 rue de l&#39;Ecole de M&eacute;decine, 75006 PARIS)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Une nouvelle technique pour les lipodystrophies localis&eacute;es : la lipectomie s&eacute;lective ou lipolyse<\/strong> (Journ&eacute;e de Chirurgie Esth&eacute;tique de l&#39;H&ocirc;pital de Montreuil, 9-10-11 November 1981. Chirurgie Esth&eacute;tique 1981-1982, Maloine.)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>R&eacute;flexions sur ma technique de lipolyse<\/strong> (La Revue de Chirurgie Esth&eacute;tique de Langue Fran&ccedil;aise Num&eacute;ro 27, Tome VI, June 1982)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Chirurgie Traumatique et Sculpture du Corps : Technique du Dr. Illouz<\/strong> (Les cahiers de Chirurgie. Num&eacute;ro 46 - 2&egrave;me trimestre 1983 )<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>La technique d&#39;ILLOUZ<\/strong> (Les cahiers de Chirurgie. Num&eacute;ro 46 - 2&egrave;me trimestre 1983 )<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Body contouring by lipolysis: A 5 year experience with over 3000 cases<\/strong> (American Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive surgery. Vol.72, Num&eacute;ro 5, November 1983)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>L&#39;histoire de ma technique de lipolyse-aspiration<\/strong> (La Revue de Chirurgie Esth&eacute;tique de Langue Fran&ccedil;aise Num&eacute;ro 34, Tome IX, March 1984)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Une nouvelle maladie lipomateuse : la d&eacute;formation en &quot;Knichers&quot;<\/strong> (La Revue de Chirurgie Esth&eacute;tique de Langue Fran&ccedil;aise Num&eacute;ro 35, Tome IX, June 1984)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>L&#39;avenir de la r&eacute;utilisation de la graisse apr&egrave;s liposuccion<\/strong> (La Revue de Chirurgie Esth&eacute;tique de Langue Fran&ccedil;aise Num&eacute;ro 36, Tome IX, Octobre 1984)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong><br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tLIPOASPIRACAO<\/strong> en collaboration avec le Dr. Juarez AVELAR = (BRASIL) - 1986 (cliquez sur la couverture pour l&#39;agrandir)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>ILLOUZ&#39; technique of body contouring by lipolysis<\/strong> (Clinique in Plastic Surgery, Vol 11, Num&eacute;ro 3 - July 1984)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Remodelage chirurgical de la silhouette par lipolyse-aspiration ou lipolictomie selective<\/strong> (Les Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esth&eacute;tique, Num&eacute;ro 2, Volume XXIX - p.162-179 - 1984)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Co-auteur du livre &quot;LIPOPLASTY&quot;<\/strong> en collaboration avec le Docteur Gregory P. HETTER - Little, Brown and Company - USA, 1986<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Co-auteur du livre &quot;AESTHETIC PLASTIC SURGERY&quot;<\/strong> en collaboration avec P. REGNAULT, MONTREAL - CANADA, 1984<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Les diff&eacute;rents stades de traitement contre le vieillissement du visage<\/strong> par ma technique des &quot;tunnel-aspiration&quot; (La Revue de Chirurgie Esth&eacute;tique de Langue Fran&ccedil;aise Num&eacute;ro 38, Tome X &ndash; March<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Surgical remodeling of the silhouette<\/strong> by aspiration lipolisis or selective lipectomy (Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 9 : 7-21, 1985.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>De l&#39;utilisation de la graisse aspir&eacute;e pour combler les d&eacute;fauts cutan&eacute;s et Aspiration au niveau des membres sup&eacute;rieurs<\/strong> (La Revue de Chirurgie Esth&eacute;tique de Langue Fran&ccedil;aise Num&eacute;ro 40, Tome X - Septembre 1985<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Aspiration : r&eacute;sultats &agrave; long terme et commentaires et traitement du vieillissement du visage par assistance de la liposuccion<\/strong> (La Revue de Chirurgie Esth&eacute;tique de Langue Fran&ccedil;aise Num&eacute;ro 41, Tome X - Decembre 1985<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCo-auteur de<strong> &quot;LIPOASPIRACAO&quot;<\/strong> &eacute;dit&eacute; par le Dr. Juarez AVELAR (BRESIL) - 1986<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Die selektive Lipektomi oder Liplyse nach ILLOUZ<\/strong> (avec la collaboration du Dr.PFLUG) (Handchirurgie Mikrochirurgie Plastische Chirurgie - Hippokrates Vergag Stuttgart : Heft 3, 18 Jahrgang Seite 113-196, Mai 1986.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>A new technique to fill depression; the fat cells graft<\/strong> (ASPRS Journal, July 1986<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>TRANSACTIONS of the IX International Congress of Plastique and Reconstructive Surgery<\/strong>, New-Delhi - Inde, March 1-6, P.382\/384 - 1987.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Les s&eacute;quelles esth&eacute;tiques ou les r&eacute;sultats ind&eacute;sirables de la lipo-aspiration<\/strong> (Les Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esth&eacute;tique, Num&eacute;ro 3, Volume XXXII- p.229-245 - 1987)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tLivre :<strong> &quot;La Sculpture Chirurgicale par Lipoplastie&quot;<\/strong> &eacute;dit&eacute; par Churchill Livingstone - ARNETTE 1988<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Une nouvelle notion en chirurgie plastique : les &quot;points fixes&quot; et leurs cons&eacute;quences chirurgicales<\/strong> (Les Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esth&eacute;tique, Num&eacute;ro 3, Volume XXXIII- p.237-246 - 1988)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Present result of fat injection<\/strong> (Aesthetic Plastique Surgery. Volume 12, Number 3, P.174-181. August 1988)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Le point sur la lipo-aspiration,<\/strong> interview de Y.G. ILLOUZ recueillie par le Docteur G. FLAGEUL (Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esth&eacute;tique, Num&eacute;ro 4. p.288\/382 - December 1988<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tLivre :<strong> &quot;Body Sculpturing by lipoplasty&quot;<\/strong>, &eacute;dit&eacute; par Churchill Livingstone - 1989.<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Surgical Implications of &quot;fixed points&quot;<\/strong>: a new concept in Plastic Surgery (Aesthetic Plastique Surgery. Volume 13, p.137\/144 - 1989<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Etude de tissu graisseux sous-cutan&eacute;<\/strong> (Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esth&eacute;tique, Num&eacute;ro 6. p.493\/509 - 1989.<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Refinement in the Lipoplasty technique<\/strong> (Clinics in Pastic Surgery Vol. 16, Num&eacute;ro 2 p.217\/233 - April 1989<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Plaidoyer pour une aspiration non sanglante<\/strong> (Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esth&eacute;tique, Num&eacute;ro 1. p.62\/65 1990)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>L&#39;abdominoplastie en bloc : une technique moins risqu&eacute;e et plus esth&eacute;tique<\/strong> (Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esth&eacute;tique, Num&eacute;ro 43 p. 233\/242 - 1990)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>A new Safe and Aesthetic Approach to Suction Abdominoplasty<\/strong> (Aesthetic Plastique Surgery p.237\/245 1992)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>La lipoaspiration &quot;Modern Style&quot;<\/strong> (Profils Medical - Octobre 1992<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Advances in Lipoplasty<\/strong> (Problems in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Vol. 2 Num&eacute;ro 3 - Decembre 1992<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>La Lipoaspiration a-t-elle une place dans le traitement de l&#39;ob&eacute;sit&eacute;?<\/strong> (Revue Cardinal. Time V, Num&eacute;ro 7 - September 1993)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCo-auteur du <strong>Trait&eacute; de Chirurgie Plastique Reconstructrice et Esth&eacute;tique avec le Dr. P.BANZET et J.M. SERVANT<\/strong> (publi&eacute; par Flammarion - 1994.)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Isolated Cervicofacial Liposuction in Facial Rejuvenation<\/strong> ; Co-auteur avec le Dr. G. FLAGEUL - (Perspectives and Plastic Surgery p. 95-106 - 1996<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","page_title_checklist":"Checklist For Choosing A Surgeon -  Liposuction.com","page_content_checklist":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Checklist for Choosing a Surgeon<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tIf you are seriously thinking about having liposuction, then you should know certain facts about the surgeon before making your decision. It is suggested that you obtain answers to the questions on the following questionnaire. All of the following questions should be answered by either the surgeon or the surgeon&#39;s staff.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<strong>The Surgeon&#39;s Training &amp; Qualifications<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIs the surgeon board certified in a surgical specialty?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tWill you be given a copy of the surgeon&#39;s curriculum vita (CV) listing where the surgeon went to medical school, and where residency training received?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIs the surgeon well trained in taking care of surgical emergencies?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIs the surgeon presently certified in ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support)?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the surgeon have a certificate demonstrating that the surgeon has received specific training in the use of local anesthesia for liposuction?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<strong>Experiences of Previous Patients<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tHow many liposuction patients does the surgeon treat each week?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tWhat is the approximate total number of liposuction patients that the surgeon has ever treated?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tAre patients given &quot;before and after&quot; photographs of themselves?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the surgeon have a large number of &quot;before-and-after&quot; pictures of previous patients to show prospective patients?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the surgeon provide prospective patients with a list of previous patients who you can telephone for a reference?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tWhat percent of the surgeon&#39;s liposuction patients have liposuction totally by local anesthesia?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tWhat percent of the surgeon&#39;s liposuction patients routinely require IV sedation or narcotic analgesics?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tWhat percentage of the surgeon&#39;s patients require a surgical corrections or &quot;touch-up&quot; procedure after the initial liposuction surgery?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tHas the surgeon had any liposuction patients who have required hospitalization after liposuction surgery?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<strong>Any Previous Problems<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the surgeon have malpractice insurance that covers liposuction?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tHas the surgeon had any liposuction patients who have experienced serious complications as a result of liposuction surgery or anesthesia?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tHas the surgeon ever lost surgical privileges at a hospital or surgery center?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tHas the state medical board taken any disciplinary actions against the surgeon?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the surgeon have any pending or previous liposuction-related malpractice law suits?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tHas the surgeon had any liposuction patients who have died within one month of liposuction surgery?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<strong>Informed Consent Issues<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tHas the surgeon provided information about the nature and risks of liposuction complications?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the informed consent form explain the risks associated with &quot;very large volume&quot;, or &quot;total body liposuction&quot; or the dangers of prolonged exposure to anesthesia?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the informed consent form describe the risks of doing liposuction at the same time as other unrelated surgical procedures?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the surgeon provide an Informed Consent Form guaranteeing that the surgeon will not do liposuction on any body area without your explicit written approval?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIf you are considering liposuction under general anesthesia or under heavy IV sedation, then does the surgeon provide a written statement that includes 1) the name of the surgeon(s) who will perform the liposuction surgery and 2) assurance that no other surgeon will participate in the surgery while you are asleep?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the surgeon have a written policy regarding fees required for and surgical corrections or &quot;touch-up&quot; procedures?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tHas the surgeon explained the risk of combining tumescent liposuction and giving the patient a significant volume of intravenous fluids?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<strong>Qualifications of Surgical Facility, &amp; Operating Room Staff<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tWill the liposuction be done in a accredited surgical facility?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIf anesthesia includes the use of intravenous (IV) drugs such as sedatives, or narcotics, will there be an anesthesiologist (physician) or nurse anesthetist monitoring the patient during surgery?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIf liposuction is to be done totally by local anesthesia, will there be a registered nurse (RN) present to assist the surgeon in the operating room and to take care of the patient after the surgery?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tAre all of the operating room and recovery room staff, such as Registered Nurses and Anesthetists\/Anesthesiologists, presently certified in ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support) certification?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tAfter surgery will there be an ACLS certified registered nurse (RN) with the patient at all times and continuously until the patient is discharged?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the surgical facility have a fully equipped crash cart?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<table>\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/checklist_surgeon.pdf\"><strong>Download Choosing a Surgeon Checklist in PDF Format.<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","page_title_tumescent-technique":"Tumescent Liposuction Information by Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_tumescent-technique":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Tumescent Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p> The word &quot;tumescent&quot; means swollen and firm. By injecting a large volume of very dilute lidocaine (local anesthetic) and epinephrine (capillary constrictor) into subcutaneous fat, the targeted tissue becomes swollen and firm, or tumescent. The tumescent liposuction technique is a method that provides local anesthesia to large volumes of subcutaneous fat and thus permits liposuction totally by local anesthesia. The tumescent liposuction technique eliminates both the need for general anesthesia and need for IV narcotics and sedatives. The tumescent technique for liposuction 1) provides local anesthesia, 2) constricts capillaries and prevents surgical blood loss 3) provides fluid to the body by subcutaneous injection so that no IV fluids are needed.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Tumescent Dilution<\/h3>\r\n<p> Depending upon the clinical requirements, a tumescent anesthetic solution may contain a 5 to 40 fold dilution of lidocaine found in commercially available formulations of local anesthesia. Commercial solutions of lidocaine used by dentists and anesthesiologists typically contain 1 gram of lidocaine and 1 milligram of epinephrine per 50 milliliters of saline. In contrast, tumescent solutions of local anesthesia contain approximately 1 gram of lidocaine and 1 milligram of epinephrine in 1,000 milliliters of saline. This is a 20 fold dilution of the commercial version of lidocaine and epinephrine.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Dilution &amp; Vasoconstriction Produce Safety<\/h3>\r\n<p> Tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia has proven to be extremely safe despite the use of unprecedented large doses of lidocaine and epinephrine. The explanation for this remarkable safety is the extreme dilution of the tumescent local anesthetic solution. Large volumes of dilute epinephrine produce intense constriction of capillaries in the targeted fat, which in turn greatly delays the rate of absorption of lidocaine and epinephrine. Undiluted lidocaine and epinephrine is absorbed into the bloodstream in less than an hour. Tumescent dilution causes widespread capillary constriction which causes the absorption process to be spread over 24 to 36 hours. This reduces peak concentration of lidocaine in the blood, which in turn reduces the potential toxicity of a given dose of lidocaine. Dentists typically use concentrated epinephrine which may cause a rapid heart rate if the epinephrine is rapidly absorbed. When very dilute tumescent epinephrine is used, the wide spread vasoconstriction slows the rate of epinephrine absorption, which in turn prevents an increase in heart rate.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Vasoconstriction Prevents Blood Loss<\/h3>\r\n<p> Profound vasoconstriction (shrinkage of capillary blood vessels) results from the tumescent infiltration of a large volume of dilute epinephrine into subcutaneous fat. Tumescent vasoconstriction is so complete that liposuction can be done with virtually no blood loss. In contrast, the older forms of liposuction used before the invention of the tumescent technique were associated with so much surgical blood loss that autologous blood transfusions were often routine.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Vasoconstriction Prolongs Local Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p> Because the vasoconstriction delays lidocaine absorption, the local anesthetic remains in place in the fat for many hours. This prolonged anesthesia permits surgery for up to 10 hours after infiltration, and provides 24 to 36 hours of significant postoperative analgesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Recommended Lidocaine Dosage<\/h3>\r\n<p> Maximum recommended lidocaine dosage is 40 mg\/kg to 50 mg\/kg for tumescent liposuction when lidocaine is greatly diluted. This is a relatively large dosage compared to the 7 mg\/kg which is widely accepted as the &quot;safe maximum dose for lidocaine with epinephrine&quot; that anesthesiologists use. They use non-diluted lidocaine for nerve blocks such as epidural blocks.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Microcannulas<\/h3>\r\n<p> A liposuction cannula is a stainless steel tube which is inserted into subcutaneous fat through a small opening or incision in the skin. A microcannula has an outside diameter of less than 3 millimeters (mm). The diameter of microcannulas range from 1 mm to 3 mm. With special designs, microcannulas can remove fat very efficiently. The use of larger cannulas, for example those having an outside diameter ranging from 3 mm to 6 mm require larger incisions which usually leave visible scars.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Adits<\/h3>\r\n<p> Adits are small holes in the skin made with round, skin-biopsy punches. Adits are used as access sites, in which the liposuction cannula is passed in and out of during the liposuction process. Adits also facilitate the drainage of blood-tinged anesthetic solution after liposuction. Because of the skin&#39;s ability to stretch, microcannulas can usually fit through a 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, or 2 mm round hole made in the skin with a skin biopsy punch. Such tiny holes usually disappear without scars after liposuction. Adits are so small that it is not necessary to close them with sutures. Because adits are not closed with sutures, they promote copious postoperative drainage of blood-tinged tumescent anesthesia, which in turn reduces post-operative bruising, tenderness and swelling. Larger cannulas require larger incisions. When larger incisions are closed with sutures, there is delayed drainage, and prolonged swelling, bruising and pain after liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Smoother Liposuction Results<\/h3>\r\n<p> Smoother liposuction results can be achieved by using microcannulas which allow a more gradual and controlled removal of fat. This improves the ability of the surgeon to achieve smoother results. Larger cannulas are associated with an increased risk of liposuction producing skin depressions and irregularities. Larger cannulas may remove fat so quickly that there is a risk of removing too much fat. It is also more difficult to precisely control the direction of a large cannula. With any attempt to make a small incremental change in the direction of a large cannula there is tendency to re-enter a pre-existing tunnel within the fat. This lack of precise control contributes to the risk of skin irregularities associated with liposuction when using large cannulas..<\/p>\r\n<h3> Other Advantages of Tumescent Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p> Because tumescent local anesthesia lasts so long, tumescent liposuction is less painful and more pleasant than liposuction under general anesthesia or IV sedation. With tumescent local anesthesia, patients are able to avoid the post-operative nausea and vomiting associated with general anesthesia. Tumescent anesthesia is so efficient at providing fluid to the body that it is unnecessary to use IV fluids. There is a risk of dangerous fluid overload if excessive IV fluids are given to a tumescent liposuction patient.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Brief History of Tumescent Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Tumescent liposuction was invented and developed in 1985. It was first presented at a scientific meeting in 1986, and first published in 1987 (JA Klein. The tumescent technique for liposuction surgery. Journal of the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, volume 4, pages 263-267,1987). See also History of Tumescent Liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<p> The definitive book about tumescent liposuction is entitled The Tumescent Technique: , by Jeffrey Klein, M.D., published , in 2000 by Mosby, St Louis, MO. Dr. Klein is the inventor of the tumescent technique. This book contains approximately 500 pages of detailed information that includes tumescent anesthesia, microcannular liposuction, local anesthesia, pathophysiology, complications, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, surgical technique, postoperative care, and explanations of the special considerations for liposuction of each area of the body. This book can be purchased on line from hksurgical.com.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_cost-of-liposuction":"FAQ: Cost of Liposuction -  Liposuction.com","page_content_cost-of-liposuction":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Cost of Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tCost of Liposuction is an important factor when considering liposuction surgery. However the quality of liposuction is more important than the price of liposuction. If the ultimate goal of liposuction is to have a happy patient, then the surgeon&#39;s expertise and experience are probably more important than the price. Liposuction prices are important, but it is not the most important factor to considering lipo surgery. Be careful not to put your body on the &quot;Discount Rack&quot;.<br \/>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tLowest Liposuction Price Can Be Most Expensive<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tChoosing a liposuction surgeon based on the lowest price might ultimately be the most expensive choice, if the initial cosmetic results are so bad that another surgeon must be paid to repair the work of the first liposuction surgeon. Among the most common undesirable outcomes of liposuction are 1) incomplete liposuction with very little evidence that liposuction was actually done, 2) excessive liposuction producing an unnatural or disfigured appearance, 3) irregular and uneven results with unsightly depressions in the skin, and 4) large scars that reveal that the patient has had liposuction. Caveat emptor (Buyer beware).<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>How to Use Liposuction Fee Table (Below)<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tThe total cost for lipo surgery is the sum of the non-surgical fee plus one or more surgical fees. The non-surgical fees include the cost of the operating room, nursing staff, pre-operative laboratory tests, post-operative garments and supplies. The surgical fees represent the prices for lipo surgery of each individual area. For example, the total cost for liposuction of the hips, outer thighs and buttocks might be the sum of the surgical fees for hips ($2400), outer thighs ($3000), and buttok ($1800), plus non-surgical fee ($1600), which equals $8,800.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\tThe following table is merely a rough estimate of the possible liposuction prices.<br \/>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<table align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"2\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n\t\t\t\tTable of Approximate Liposuction Surgical Fees in the United States of America<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t<hr color=\"#cccccc\" noshade=\"noshade\" size=\"1\" width=\"100%\" \/>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\" width=\"30%\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<b>Body Area<\/b><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<b>Approximate Lower End of Range of Lipo Surgical Fee ($)<\/b><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<b>Approximate Upper End Range of Lipo Surgical Fee ($)<\/b><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\tAbdomen, upper &amp; lower<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t3,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t7,500<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\tAbdomen, lower<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t2,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t2,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\tArms<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t1,500<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t5,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\tBack, female<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t1,500<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t4,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\tBreasts, female<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t3,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t7,500<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\tBreasts, male<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t3,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t5,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\tButtocks<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t1,500<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t4,500<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\tChin, Cheeks, Jowls, Neck<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t2,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t4,500<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\tFlanks, male<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t2,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t5,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\tAnterior Thighs &amp; Knees<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t2,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t5,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\tInner (Thighs &amp; Knees)<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t2,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t5,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\tHips\/Waist<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t1,600<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t5,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\tOuter Thighs<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t1,600<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t5,000<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#ededed\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n\t\t\t\t(Total fee = All Liposuction Surgical Fees + Non-Surgical Fee). If an anesthesiologist is required, then an additional fee must be anticipated.<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"3\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<hr color=\"#cccccc\" noshade=\"noshade\" size=\"1\" width=\"100%\" \/>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tFactors That Determine Liposuction Cost<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tFactors that determine cost of liposuction include 1) The size of the patient, 2) Amount of time and effort required of the surgeon, 3) Cost of anesthesiologist&#39;s services, 4) Operating room fees, 5) Preoperative laboratory fees, 6) Other related expenses, such as elastic compression garments, etc.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>Expected Time and Effort<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tThe expected time and effort that is required to accomplish a liposuction surgery is the most important factor in determining the cost of liposuction. Factors that typically affect the surgeon&#39;s time and effort include 1) Number of areas being treated, 2) Size of the patient, 3) Anticipated degree of difficulty. Thus, cost of liposuction of the abdomen alone is less than the cost of doing liposuction on both the abdomen as well as the inner thighs and knees. Similarly the cost for abdominal liposuction on a patient who weighs 80 kilograms (176 pounds) might be more than the cost for liposuction of the abdomen of a patients who has never weighed more than 60 kilograms (132 pounds). Liposuction is more difficult and requires more time if the patient has previously gained and then lost a significant amount of weight. In any area previously treated with liposuction the fat often contains scar tissue which makes liposuction in the same area more difficult.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>Other Variables Affecting Liposuction Price<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tOther variables affecting price of liposuction include the 1) experience of the surgeon and 2) geographic location of the surgeon. An expert liposuction surgeon who has done thousands of liposuction procedures, who consistently achieves outstanding results, and who is in great demand, will often charge more than a less experienced surgeon. Surgeons who are not busy may offer discounts, or entice prospective patients by offering free consultation. Surgeon&#39;s who have had unhappy patients and who do not have a good reputation might also lower liposuction prices in order to attract new patients. In geographic areas where rents and labor costs are high, one can expect higher prices for liposuction.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>Global Liposuction Fee<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tSome surgeons will quote a single global lipo fee that includes almost every possible surgery-related expense in one lump sum. Typically a global lipo fee is the sum of the surgical fees, plus the non-surgical fee, plus the anesthesiologist&#39;s fee (if general anesthesia is used). A global lipo fee is commonly used when the surgery is done in the surgeon&#39;s office or surgericenter. When a prospective patient telephones a surgeon&#39;s office to inquire about the cost of lipo, be certain to determine if the quote is for a global fee or merely the surgical fee. An office employee who answers the telephone might only give information about the surgeon&#39;s fee and not mention other important items such as the anesthesiologist&#39;s fee, and operating room fee.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>Itemized Liposuction Prices Including Surgical Fees<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tSome surgeons prefer to give prospective patients an itemized list of all the anticipated costs of liposuction. These separate costs might include the surgical fee (money paid to the surgeon for his services), anesthesiologist&#39;s fee, operating room fee, pre-operative laboratory test fees, charges for post-operative elastic compression garments, and possibly prices for antibiotics and other recommended drugs. Sometimes itemized prices are used when the surgeon cannot control all of the related expenses, such as when the lipo surgery is to be done in a hospital operating room with a hospital anesthesiologist. Itemized lipo prices are also used by surgeons who are in the habit of doing multiple unrelated surgical procedures at the same time that the liposuction is done.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>Telephone Estimates are not Precise<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tIt is almost impossible to provide an accurate estimate of liposuction price unless the surgeon has had the opportunity to examine the patient. One can expect to be given a range of liposuction prices or at least the smallest fee charged for a specific area. For example, if Dr. Jones always quotes an all-inclusive global price, then, for example, the receptionist should be able to state that &quot;for abdominal liposuction, the minimal price is $4000 and may be as much as $7000 for a very large abdomen&quot;.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>Written Estimate<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tWritten estimate of total cost for the liposuction surgery is essential. Beware of any surgeon who is not completely candid, open and honest about all of the associated fees.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>Financing and Loans<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tFinancing and loans for cosmetic surgery are available through private finance companies. Often, one can also pay for liposuction surgery using a credit card. Liposuction is generally regarded as a luxury and thus going into debt to have liposuction requires careful consideration.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_long-distance-consultation":"Long Distance Consultation -  Liposuction.com","page_content_long-distance-consultation":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Long Distance Consultation<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tIf you know of an outstanding liposuction surgeon located far away, you may be able to obtain an estimate of the costs for liposuction surgery by long distance communication with the surgeon&#39;s office instead of traveling for hours for an initial consultation. There is typically a small consultation fee for a long-distance liposuction consultation. The list of surgeons available by using the above surgeon locator contains many excellent liposuction surgeons. Telephone the surgeon&#39;s office, or visit the surgeon&#39;s web site, to inquire if the surgeon provides a long-distance consultation service.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\tInformation from the patient that must be sent to the surgeon as part of a long distance consultation is listed below:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA set of photographs of the patient&#39;s body.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tThe patient&#39;s name, age, weight, and height.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA list with the patient&#39;s mailing address, telephone numbers, fax numbers, or e-mail addresses so that the surgeon&#39;s staff can contact the patient.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA written list of the body areas of greatest concern to the patient.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA list of the patient&#39;s important medical conditions.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA list of drug allergies.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA list of current prescription medications.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA list of over-the-counter or non-prescription medications, herbal remedies, weight loss medications, and vitamins that the patient takes occasionally or regularly.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA list of all previous surgeries the patient has had.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA list of any surgical complications the patient has had.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>\r\n\tInformation from the surgeon. After reviewing the above information supplied by the patient, the surgeon or the surgeon&#39;s staff will be able to contact the patient by telephone to discuss the patient&#39;s expectations, answer any remaining questions, and schedule a surgery. The surgeon will often require that the patient arrive a day before surgery in order to complete a &quot;Day-Before- Surgery&quot; medical history and physical examination. Information from the surgeon that the patient will need in order to be properly prepared for liposuction surgery is listed below.<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA written estimate of how many separate days of surgery might be required to safely treat all of the body areas of concern.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tWritten suggestions for the optimal grouping of the body areas to be treated on the same day.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tAn estimate of the total cost and of the cost for liposuction of the individual body areas.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tWritten information about the liposuction practice.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tCopies of the surgeon&#39;s &quot;informed-consent&quot; form for liposuction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tInstructions to the patient&#39;s primary care physician so that the physician can complete the patient&#39;s pre-operative history and physical examination.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tInstructions regarding prescriptions for medications to be written by the patient&#39;s primary care physician.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA list of pre-operative laboratory tests that can be ordered by the patient&#39;s primary care physician and which can be done in the patient&#39;s home town.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tInstruction for paying the fees for the surgery.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tA list of recommended hotels near the surgeon&#39;s office.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n","page_content_power-assisted-pal":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Power Assisted Technique (PAL)<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3> Introduction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Power Assisted Liposuction (PAL) devices have recently become available. PAL devices use power supplied by an electric motor or compressed air to produce either a rapid in-and-out movement or a spinning rotation of an attached liposuction cannula. Advocates of PAL assert that it makes liposuction easier for the surgeon. While some liposuction surgeons have expressed enthusiasm about PAL, many others remain skeptical about any advantages of PAL. There are no objective scientific publications to support the enthusiastic claims made by manufacturers of PAL devices.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_smartlipo":"SmartLipo - Laser Liposuction","page_content_smartlipo":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>SmartLipo - Laser Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>Smart Lipo is actually where laser liposuction began.  Brought to the marketplace by Cynosure, the SmartLipo system offers all the benefits of a high quality laser lipolysis system and the benefit of experience in the market. The SmartLipo system has truly been tested and proven successful and is an established technology with an excellent reputation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>When a doctor uses SmartLipo, the small cannula and powerful laser offers precise targeting of even the smallest body part. This means a doctor can target pockets of fat that would otherwise be untreatable with traditional liposuction. The laser not only melts the fat and facilitates its removal; it also causes small blood vessels to coagulate immediately which reduces bruising and the chance of blood loss. Finally, that same laser stimulates collagen retraction and skin tightening which are optimal for shrinking the skin once fat has been melted and removed.  SmartLipo is often used in conjunction with cellulite treatments and can be used with only local anesthetic, which reduces patient health complications from general anesthetic.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>What is really interesting is that different laser wavelengths actually stimulate optimal results. For example the 1064 nm wavelength is known to be excellent at liquefying fat cells while the 1320 nm wavelength is known to be the best for stimulating collagen rejuvenation. In the case of SmartLipo, they have come up with several products to help doctors maximize the benefits of laser liposuction, so you should know which version of smart liposuction you\u2019ll be getting before you go in for your procedure. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Cynosure now offers three different systems to liposuction doctors, which include:  <\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n    <li>The original SmartLipo in three wattages (6W, 12W and 18W)<\/li>\r\n    <li>The SmartLipo MPX that combines multiple laser wavelengths for improved results. By using both 1064 nm and 1320 nm wavelengths, the SmartLipo MPX maximizes fat removal and tissue firming through coagulation.<\/li>\r\n    <li>The SmartLipo Triplex that combines three different wavelengths including 1064nm, 1320 nm and 1440nm. The 1440nm wavelength has been added to the Triplex because of its powerful absorption of fatty tissues.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p>If you choose a doctor who plans to use SmartLipo technology be sure to understand which system they use and how the technology will be employed. By being a well-educated patient you\u2019ll have a much better experience and result from your Smart Lipo.<\/p>","page_title_coollipo":"CoolLipo Laser Liposuction Information by Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_coollipo":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>CoolLipo - Laser Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tCoolLipo, like other laser lipo systems is a technology that uses laser wavelengths to dissolve fat and firm the skin. Cool Lipo candidates are in good health and are not planning to use liposuction as a weight loss technique, but rather for body contouring and sculpturing.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cooltouch.com\/Home.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">CoolLipo by CoolTouch, Inc.<\/a> is designed specifically for smaller areas of treatment in the face, chin and neck areas. This includes fat deposits that are particularly stubborn and resistant to any kind of weight loss or traditional liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn these areas on the face, many people assume the only option is a face lift or neck lift when in fact, Cooltouch Lipo is also a viable solution. The idea is that getting laser lipolysis is less invasive than a full face or neck lift and that the recovery time will be substantially shorter.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAlso, traditional liposuction is very difficult to use in these areas of the body because of the small volume of fat and all the other anatomical structures and tissues that need to be protected.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe cannula and laser are used in the fatty portions of the jowls, chin or neck to remove, very carefully, excess or fatty tissue. The Coollipo laser is specifically designed to protect tissues other than fat. Because CoolLipo is designed for contouring the face and neck, the laser also maximizes the other benefit of laser lipo - the skin tightening and collagen renewal.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tCoolLipo laser liposuction uses a 1320 nm wavelength that is known to have maximum benefit for collagen rejuvenation and skin firming. The CoolLipo also uses a short pulse width that ensures maximum fat removal and that non fatty tissues are protected. This laser liposuction technology also uses a high peak power for gentle but thorough &ldquo;fat disruption&rdquo;. Once the fat is disrupted and removed, the skin in the face and neck firms and tightens so you get the look of a facelift in an outpatient procedure, with minimal healing time in most cases.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tCoolLipo laser lipolysis can be performed in a doctor&rsquo;s office and with only local anesthetics. This reduces risk to the patient and the overall cost of the procedure. Also, because of the gentler nature of laser liposculpture, the procedure time and down-time post procedure are both very short.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIf you&rsquo;re looking for a facial rejuvenation through liposuction, CoolLipo may be an excellent option for you.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_state-medical-boards":"List of State Medical Boards -  Liposuction.com","page_content_state-medical-boards":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>List of State Medial Boards<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tWe have compiled for you a comprehensive list of state medical boards in the USA.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tClick on the link below to download.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/StateMedicalBoards.pdf\">List of State Medical Boards (USA)<\/a><\/p>\r\n","page_title_dry-technique":"Dry Liposuction Technique Information from Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_dry-technique":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Dry Technique<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3> Introduction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Dry Technique (no longer used) required general anesthesia. The dry technique derived its name from the fact that it did not use injections of local anesthesia into the fat before liposuction. This technique was abandoned because of the excessive blood loss it caused. Blood composed approximately thirty percent (30%) of the tissue that was removed by liposuction using the dry technique.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Comparing Dry and Tumescent Techniques<\/h3>\r\n<p> The following two abstracts are excerpts from two articles published in the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Journal, and are provided to help you compare the differences in blood loss associated with the dry technique and the tumescent technique for liposuction. With the older dry technique for liposuction every patient required hospitalization, general anesthesia and blood transfusion because of the significant blood loss. The newer tumescent technique permitted liposuction in an office setting, totally by local anesthesia, and without any blood loss.<\/p>\r\n<p> &bull; Large-Volume Suction Lipectomy: An Analysis of 108 Patients (by Eugene H. Courtiss, M.D., et al., Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA).<\/p>\r\n<p> We have treated 108 patients who had over 1500 ml of material removed. All patients were treated in the hospital; 44 percent were admitted after surgery. A total of 227 units of autologous and 2 units of homologous blood were transfused. As measured by a computerized monitor, the average amount of blood in the material removed from thighs was 30 percent; from abdomens, the blood loss was 45 percent. No complications were encountered. A few patients developed undesirable sequelae, the most common of which was seroma formation, which occurred in 19 percent of those who had suction of abdominal-wall fat. (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, volume 89, pages 1068-1079,1992).<\/p>\r\n<p> &bull; Tumescent Technique for Local Anesthesia Improves Safety in Large-Volume Liposuction (by Jeffrey A. Klein, M.D., Capistrano Surgicenter, San Juan Capistrano, CA).<\/p>\r\n<p> The tumescent technique for local anesthesia improves the safety of large-volume liposuction ( 1,500 ml fo fat) by virtually eliminating surgical blood loss and by completely eliminating the risks of general anesthesia. Results of two prospective studies of large-volume liposuction using the tumescent technique are reported. In 112 patients, the mean lidocaine dosage was 33.3 mg\/kg, the mean volume of aspirated material was 2657 ml, and the mean volume of supranatant fat was 1945 ml. All patients were treated as outpatients. There were no hospitalizations. There were no transfusions. There were no complications. There were no seromas. The mean volume of whole blood aspirated by liposuction was 18.5 ml. For each 1000 ml of fat removed, 9.7 ml of whole blood was suctioned. In 31 large volume liposuction patients treated in 1991, the mean difference between preoperative and 1-week postoperative hematocrits was -1.9 percent. The last 87 patients received no parental sedation.(Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, volume 92, pages 1085-1098,1993).<\/p>\r\n","page_title_wet-technique":"Wet Liposuction Technique Information by Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_wet-technique":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Wet Liposuction Technique<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3> Introduction<\/h3>\r\n<p> The Wet Liposuction Technique also required general anesthesia. The wet liposuction technique required the injection of approximately 100 milliliters of local anesthesia containing epinephrine.<\/p>\r\n<p> Although the wet liposuction technique caused less blood loss than the dry technique, blood loss with the wet liposuction technique was still excessive and dangerous. Blood composed approximately 15% to 20% of the tissue removed by liposuction using the wet technique.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_buyer-beware":"Buyer Beware -  Liposuction.com","page_content_buyer-beware":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Buyer Beware<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tThe Find-A-Surgeon directory on Liposuction.Com and other on-line directories function much like a telephone directory. It is impossible for the administrators of an online directory to verify all of the credentials of all the surgeons who are listed in the directory. Be attentive and careful when choosing a liposuction surgeon.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\tThe following questions should be considered:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIs the surgeon board certified in a surgical specialty? Examples of surgical specialties include Dermatology, Plastic Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, Ophthalmologic Plastic Surgery, General Surgery, Gynecology, and Otolaryngology. Board certification in a surgical specialty is an indication that the surgeon has training in safe surgical techniques, but it does not guarantee safety.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDoes the surgeon have current malpractice insurance coverage for liposuction surgery? It is important to inquire if a liposuction surgeon has malpractice insurance coverage for doing liposuction. Although the vast majority of board certified surgeons who do liposuction have malpractice insurance coverage for doing liposuction, not every surgeon has such coverage.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tHas the surgeon been disciplined by the state medical licensing board? (In most states you can obtain information (by telephone or online) from your state medical board to verify a physician&rsquo;s medical license and disciplinary status).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>\r\n\tTumescent liposuction is a remarkably safe procedure when both the patient and surgeon use common sense. Liposuction.Com, Inc. does not certify or validate the statements or credentials of the surgeons in the Find-A-Surgeon directory of Liposuction.Com. It is the prospective patient&rsquo;s responsibility to check the credentials and reputation of a physician. Liposuction surgeons are not all equally skilled or experienced.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\tLiposuction.Com, Inc. does not guarantee the safety of the liposuction surgery performed by surgeons listed in the Find-A-Surgeon directory of Liposuction.Com. Liposuction can be dangerous when the patient has significant medical problems, when the patient is excessively obese, when the surgeon does too much liposuction on a patient at one time, and when other unrelated surgical procedures are performed together with liposuction.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\tAlthough the cost of liposuction is an important consideration, concerns about money should not outweigh considerations of safety. If a patient desires liposuction on multiple body areas, it is often safer to divide the liposuction procures into two separate surgical days at least one month apart. Excessive surgical trauma, and excessive exposure to anesthesia on a single day can be excessively dangerous. Do not put yourself on the bargain rack.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_ultrasonic-ual":"Ultrasonic Assisted Liposuction (UAL) Information by Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_ultrasonic-ual":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Ultrasonic Assisted Liposuction (UAL)<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3> Introduction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Ultrasonic Assisted Liposuction (UAL) requires the use of a large volume of tumescent fluid and uses either a metal probe or metal paddle to deliver ultrasonic energy and heat into subcutaneous fat. Internal UAL is the term used to describe the technique where a long metal probe, which may be solid or hollow, is inserted into fat through a large incision.<\/p>\r\n<p> Among those surgeons who do internal UAL, most rely on the use of general anesthesia or heavy IV sedation. Internal UAL has largely been abandoned because of the risk of full-thickness skin burns and severe scaring. The initial reports of internal UAL were unrealistically enthusiastic. Some authors did not report their complications, and others have learned of major UAL complications after publishing their articles.<\/p>\r\n<p> External UAL requires the use of tumescent fluid and uses a metal paddle applied to the skin and directs ultrasonic energy into subcutaneous fat. External UAL does not improve liposuction results and can cause burns to the skin. Because there is insufficient proof of the safety of UAL devices, the FDA (Food &amp; Drug Administration) has never given approval for marketing and advertising of UAL devices to be specifically used for liposuction.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_vaser-liposuction":"Vaser - Ultrasonic Liposuction information from Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_vaser-liposuction":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Vaser - Ultrasonic Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>Vaser liposuction, also called LipoSelection, is another alternate technology to traditional liposuction.  Vaser ultrasonic liposuction is still a process by which fatty deposits are removed from beneath the skin to improve the aesthetics of a particular body part. Optimally, patients who are treated by Vaser liposuction are in good physical condition and are looking for a contouring or body sculpturing as opposed to using liposuction as a way to lose weight.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sound Surgical Technologies, LLC in 2002, introduced vaser ultrasonic liposuction. This FDA technology uses sound waves to gently loosen fat and pave the way towards liposuction and smooth contouring of the body.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In the case of vaser liposuction, tumescent liquid, or a saline solution mixed with anesthetics, is injected into the body area being treated. Instead of using a cannula and manual movement to break down the fat tissue, or a laser, or water pressure, vaser liposuction uses ultrasound high frequency vibration to break fat cells apart.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The cosmetic surgeon uses Vaser ultrasonic probes, inserted into the fatty tissue to gently break the fat cells down. The vibration gently disengages and loosens the fat cells and ultimately emulsifies the tumescent fluid that has been infused into the body area. Once the emulsification is in process, a small cannula is used to remove the liquid and the fat cells. Some of the local anesthetic remains in the tissue and that helps to reduce post-procedural pain.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>This process is considered gentler that the more traditional liposuction techniques and ultimately offers your cosmetic surgeon a great deal of control and you get the smooth, contoured look for which you are looking. Additionally, vaser liposuction is specifically designed to loosen fat but to protect and preserve other tissues and by using the saline solution there is typically less bleeding and bruising.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Areas on the body that are especially well suited to vaser liposuction include the thighs, knees, abdomen, love handles, arms, chest, chin and neck. The procedure is generally performed either in a hospital or in a doctor\u2019s office and doesn\u2019t require general anesthetic that reduces patient health risk and lowers the overall cost of the procedure.  You can have IV sedation or general anesthesia \u2013 it just depends on the course of action you choose with your surgeon.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>If your doctor uses Vaser assisted liposuction, make sure you discuss the process and the entire procedure so you fully understand what will be happening on the day of your treatment.<\/p>","page_title_power-assisted-pal":"Power Assisted Liposuction Technique (PAL) Information by Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_title_standards-of-safety":"Standards of Safety -  Liposuction.com","page_content_standards-of-safety":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Standards of Safety<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div>\r\n<h2>Two Standards: Their Basic Difference<\/h2>\r\n<p>The tumescent technique for liposuction has evolved into two distinct but similar procedures, with two distinct standards of safety. The basic difference between these two standards is \"the amount of liposuction that is considered to be safe\". The term \"amount of liposuction\" refers to both the volume of fat removed and the number of areas treated by liposuction on a single day or week. When compared to liposuction by general anesthesia, liposuction totally by local anesthesia is usually done more gently, with fewer areas treated and smaller total volumes removed, and fewer unrelated surgical procedures attempted on the same day. When liposuction is done under general anesthesia there is a temptation to maximize the total volume of fat remove, to treat too many areas, and to do other unrelated cosmetic surgical procedures on the same day.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\nThe Dangerous Aspect of General Anesthesia\r\n<\/h2>\r\n<p>This is not the anesthesia but the use of general anesthesia to permit 1) excessive volumes of liposuction, 2) multiple unrelated cosmetic procedures on the same day resulting in excessive surgical trauma and prolonged exposure to general anesthesia. There are safety limits on the total amount of local anesthesia that one can use on a single day, which in turn limits the amount of liposuction on a single day. There are no clear limits on the amount of general anesthesia that can be used. The use of general anesthesia makes it easier to attempt excessive amounts of cosmetic surgery on a single day. Surgeons and anesthesiologists are both responsible for insisting on optimal patient safety and avoiding excessive cosmetic surgery on a single day. A patient who consents to doing \"everything on a single day\" might be exposing herself or himself to unnecessary risks and dangers. The real danger of general anesthesia is that it permits both patients and surgeons to foolishly attempt too much surgery on the same day.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>Drugs Used for General Anesthesia<\/h2>\r\n<p>General anesthesia produces unconsciousness and insensibility to pain. A systemic anesthetic is any parenteral drug that can be expected to impair the patient's respiration, impair protective airway reflexes, and impair the ability to communicate verbally at commonly administered doses. Systemic anesthesia includes general anesthesia given by inhalation of anesthetic gases such as halothane or isoflurane, intravenous (IV) drugs injected into a vein such as propofol (Diprivan), midazolam (Versed), ketamine (Ketalar) and narcotics such as meperidine (Demerol), or fentanyl (Sublimaze). All of these drugs are commonly used to achieve general anesthesia.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>Which Form of Anesthesia is Safest?<\/h2>\r\n<p>If a routine surgical procedure can be done using either local anesthesia or general anesthesia then the choice of anesthetic technique depends upon several factors including safety, and convenience. Although dentists can do routine dental procedures using either local anesthesia or systemic anesthesia, they usually choose local anesthesia because of its superior safety. Local anesthesia is widely regarded as being safer than systemic anesthesia. Systemic anesthesia is safest when administered by an attentive anesthesiologist. The dangers of systemic anesthesia increase when either the surgeon or the anesthesiologist ignore the risks of excessive liposuction, or the risks of attempting multiple unrelated surgical procedures on the same day. It is in the patient's best interest to tell the surgeon not to attempt an excessive amount of liposuction on the same day.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Convenience Versus Safety<\/h2>\r\n<p>When considering liposuction of a large volume of fat, one must weigh the safety against the convenience and economy of doing all the liposuction during a single day. Considering the expense associated with each use of general anesthesia, financial concerns may induce a patient to have multiple cosmetic surgery done on a single day. Doing one mega-session of cosmetic surgery only requires one recovery period, but dividing multiple cosmetic surgeries into separate days may allow shorter recovery periods and less total time away from work. Many patients and surgeons believe it is safer to 1) limit the amount of liposuction done in one day, and 2) avoid doing liposuction with unrelated cosmetic surgeries on the same day. It is up to the patient to make the choice.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>Training for Tumescent Anesthesia<\/h2>\r\n<p>Without specific training, most surgeons are incapable of doing routine tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia without systemic anesthesia. Anesthesiologists are trained to provide systemic anesthesia, but they are not trained to inject tumescent local anesthesia without systemic anesthesia. Most surgeons who do liposuction using general anesthesia have no experience doing liposuction totally by local anesthesia unless they have had specific training.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Two Types of Excessive Liposuction<\/h2>\r\n<p>There are two forms of excessive liposuction: 1) removing too much fat on single day, and 2) treating too many areas on a single day. Some surgeons feel it is not excessive to remove more than 5 to 8 liters of fat under general anesthesia in one very prolonged liposuction procedure. Other surgeons feel it is excessive to remove more than 3 to 4 liters of fat on any one day. On the other hand, when treating a relatively thin patient, it might be extremely dangerous to remove as little as 2 liters of fat if the patient is subjected to total-body liposuction. When a patient desires liposuction of large volumes of fat, it may be safest to divide the liposuction into two or more separate procedures, separating sequential procedures by at least 3 to 4 weeks.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Excessive Liposuction is Dangerous<\/h2>\r\n<p>It is impossible to know the exact point at which too much of a safe procedure becomes dangerous. There is no distinct boundary line that defines the limits of safe surgery. When liposuction crosses into the domain of excessive surgical trauma, it changes from a benign cosmetic procedure into a potentially lethal process. Satisfying a desire to \"do it all in one surgery\" may be dangerous. There is no antidote for a toxic dose of surgical trauma. The only safe approach is prevention, which requires common sense, and prudent limits to the amount of surgery.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Excessive Surgical Trauma is Dangerous<\/h2>\r\n<p>The body can only survive a limited amount of surgical trauma before the risks of serious surgical complications increase dramatically. Too much surgical trauma in the form of total body liposuction on the same day can be fatal. It is also dangerous to attempt too many unrelated cosmetic surgical procedures on the same day. For example, a facelift, breast augmentation, facial laser resurfacing and large volume liposuction on the same day can be fatal. Cosmetic surgery is not emergency surgery. It far safer to subdivide a long list of desired cosmetic procedures in two or more separate days.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>Contrasting Infiltration Techniques<\/h2>\r\n<p>Tumescent liposuction with general anesthesia is different from tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia. With general anesthesia the infiltration of the local anesthesia solution does not need to be thorough. Under general anesthesia the patient is unconscious and is not aware if there are areas of insufficient local anesthesia. In contrast, liposuction totally by local anesthesia requires training in order to skillfully produce 100% complete tumescent anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n\r\nOpinions Regarding Anesthesia Safety<\/h2>\r\n<p>A survey of plastic surgeons regarding preferences for anesthesia revealed a possible inconsistency. Among plastic surgeons who have had a cosmetic surgical procedure, 90% had chosen to have local anesthesia. In contrast, among the patients of these very same surgeons, only 40% received local anesthesia for the same cosmetic procedures. (Lecture delivered 1994, Cambridge, England by Kel Cohn, MD, Chairman, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of North Carolina).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>ABC's \"20\/20<\/h2>\r\n<p>ABC's \"20\/20\" television program in 1995 showed a patient awake and smiling while having tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia. The unqualified positive assessment on national television of the tumescent technique resulted in a consumer demand for \"safe liposuction.\" Across the country, whenever a prospective patient inquired about liposuction, the first question was \"Do you use the tumescent technique?\" Surgeons learned very quickly that patients demanded a positive answer. Not knowing how to do tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia, many surgeons simply replied, \"We do a modified version of the tumescent technique.\" Thus there emerged two standards of care for tumescent liposuction, each having distinctly different standards for safety.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\r\n<p>Liposuction by either local or general anesthesia is regularly accomplished without serious morbidity. However, when attempting a very large volume of liposuction, there is a tendency for a surgeon to unwittingly exceed the limits of safety. In this sense, there are far greater risks with liposuction using general anesthesia. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no deaths associated with tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia when the surgeon used well recognized safe dose limits of local anesthesia. <\/p>","page_title_how-to-pick-a-surgeon":"How To Pick A Liposuction Surgeon -  Liposuction.com","page_content_how-to-pick-a-surgeon":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>How to Pick a Liposuction Surgeon<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\t<b>Choosing a Liposuction Surgeon<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tChoosing a liposuction surgeon who is well trained, skilled and ethical requires careful attention. A surgeon&#39;s reputation for good liposuction results, happy patients, and ethical standards are most important. Not every cosmetic surgeon is well trained and experienced in doing liposuction. The best facelift surgeon or the best breast surgeon might have limited skills as a liposuction surgeon. Ask others about the surgeon&#39;s reputation. Ask doctors, former patients, and friends who might known about the surgeon&#39;s reputation.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>Consider &quot;Safety First&quot;<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tMost surgeons now recognize that there is a limit on the maximum amount of liposuction that a patient can safely tolerate on a single day, yet there is controversy about what constitutes &quot;an excessive amount of liposuction.&quot; The Medical Board of California prohibits outpatient liposuction of more than 5 liters of aspirate (fat and fluid) in an office on a single day. Many surgeons believe that the maximum safe volume of aspirate is less than 4 liters. Most surgeons who put safety above all other considerations agree that removing more than 4 or 5 liters fat and fluid by liposuction is too dangerous. When choosing a liposuction surgeon it is recommended that you consider the surgeon&#39;s philosophy about safety.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>Is the Surgeon Board Certified in a Surgical Specialty? <\/b><br \/>\r\n\tA surgeon who could never pass his or her board examination might not be your first choice. Similarly, board certification in a non-surgical specialty might not provide evidence of adequate training in using sterile surgical technique nor in managing an acute surgical emergency.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tIs the Surgeon Well Trained?<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tIs the surgeon well trained in preventing and taking care of surgical emergencies? Training in preventing liposuction complications might be more important than experience in taking care of liposuction complications. If you had to choose between two equally qualified liposuction surgeons, would you prefer a surgeon who never had to take care of a liposuction emergency, or would you prefer the surgeon who has had to take care of many liposuction emergencies?<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tWhat to Avoid<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tAvoid exposing your self to the risks associated with excessive volumes of liposuction or excessive number of body areas treated by liposuction on the same day. Avoid having liposuction on the same day that other unrelated surgical procedures, such as facelift or breast surgery are done. It is especially dangerous to have a liposuction at the same time as a gynecological surgical procedure such as hysterectomy, tubal ligation, or bladder suspension. Virtually all deaths associated with liposuction have occurred when there was an excessive amount of liposuction, or when other unrelated surgical procedures were performed on the same day.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tThe Safest Choice<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tThe safest choice is to select a surgeon who is willing to 1) limit the amount of liposuction performed on a single day to less than 4 liters of aspirate (fat and fluid), 2) avoid doing liposuction of an excessive number of body areas on a single day, 3) schedule the surgical days at least one month apart if more than one day of liposuction is required, 4) avoid doing any unrelated surgical procedures on the same day as liposuction.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tSurgical Specialty is not Critical<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tQualifications of a liposuction surgeon are not rigidly defined. Liposuction was developed by multiple specialities. No specialty can honestly claim superior training in the world of liposuction. There are many excellent liposuction surgeons who obtained their basic surgical education during residency training in dermatology, general surgery, gynecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology (ENT), or plastic surgery. For example, both dermatologists and plastic surgeons receive instruction in doing liposuction during their residency training. When selecting a liposuction surgeon, the surgeon&#39;s specialty is not as important as the surgeon&#39;s liposuction technique, the surgeon&#39;s record for safety, and the individual surgeon&#39;s honesty and integrity.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tAvoid Marketing Hype<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tThere is no surgical specialty that can honestly claim that its training in liposuction is superior to that of any other surgical specialty. There is absolutely no published data on liposuction safety upon which any specialty can objectively base a claim of superiority. In fact, it is quite likely that the one surgical specialty that claims to be superior to all others, is in fact the specialty that has had the highest rate of severe liposuction complications and surgical deaths. Do not be deceived by an advertising agency&#39;s hyperbole. Do not confuse marketing hyperbole with surgical skill and integrity.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tLiposuction Safety Has Improved<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tSurgeons of all specialties have learned from the mistakes of the past. Modern liposuction is now regarded as much improved. Nevertheless, patients must be aware that different surgeons within the same specialty may use different techniques. In fact, some surgeons have not kept up to date, and continue to use outmoded techniques. It is important for a prospective patient to know which are the safest surgical techniques, and which are outmoded. For example, you should know that most liposuction surgeons have rejected the technique of ultrasonic liposuction, and the FDA does not permit the sale of ultrasonic liposuction machines in the United States.<br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\t<b>Arrogant Surgeons Are Dangerous<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tEvery specialty has its unique advantages and limitations in the liposuction training its members have received. It is natural for a specialist to believe that his own specialty is the best. However, a surgeon becomes dangerous when he begins to believe in the infallibility of his own specialty. Arrogant surgeons are more likely to attempt more aggressive and more dangerous liposuction procedures. Consequently their patients are exposed to greater risks and serious surgical complications. Beware of any specialty that advertises itself as having the best training to do liposuction. The patient&#39;s most important concern should be to choose a liposuction surgeon whose primary concern is safety. Avoid overconfident surgeons who believe their training permits them to attempt excessively large liposuction procedures.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tEssential Prerequisites<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tWhat are the necessary and sufficient prerequisites to becoming a competent liposuction surgeon?. Each of the following criteria are necessary: board certification in a surgical specialty, expertise in managing cardiac emergencies, accredited liposuction training in the classroom (didactic) and hands-on training in the operating room. These attributes are considered in greater detail in the following paragraphs.<br \/>\r\n\tSurgical training and board certification in an accredited residency training program, such as dermatology, general surgery, gynecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and plastic surgery insures training in sterile surgical techniques.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tExpertise<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tExpertise in emergency management of surgical and medical complications is important. It is reasonable to demand that all liposuction surgeons be trained in the diagnosis and emergency management of potential liposuction complications. It is unrealistic to require that a surgeon be able to provide definitive management of such complications. Serious cardiac complications can occur in liposuction surgery, yet it is unrealistic to expect a surgeons to provide definitive long term care after a heart attack. It would be best to have such a complication managed by a cardiologist. However, training in the emergency management of a cardiac arrest is important.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tCertification<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tCertification in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) with re-certification every two years should be part of every liposuction surgeon&#39;s qualifications. Preferably all operating room staff members have similar training. It is wise to inquire if a surgeon has training equivalent to certification by the American Heart Association in ACLS.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tClassroom Instruction in Liposuction is Essential<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tThe best liposuction courses often include testing to assure that the trainee has attained in-depth knowledge of factors associated with severe liposuction complications, possible undesirable results of liposuction, surgical techniques for liposuction, clinical pharmacology, potential drug interactions, and optimal post-liposuction care.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tHands-on Training in Liposuction<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tClinical experience with in-the-operating-room, hands-on liposuction training provided by a certified course for Continuing Medical Education (CME) is essential. Introductory hands-on training provided during a two or three day course with 8 to 25 students is necessary, but perhaps not sufficient. Additional individualized hands-on training is also desirable.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tOther Essential Attributes<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tOther essential attributes of a liposuction surgeon that are difficult to teach, include: integrity, high ethical standards, artistic and aesthetic sensibility, and an ability to discriminate between fad and fact as new liposuction techniques are introduced. Humility, and the ability to recognize and avoid unnecessarily dangerous situations are good qualities in any surgeon.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<b>Surgicenter Accreditation <\/b><br \/>\r\n\tSurgicenter Accreditation is required only if the anesthetic technique involves the use of systemic anesthesia (general anesthesia or heavy IV sedation) that might compromise a patient&#39;s protective airway reflexes. If a patient is to have liposuction that involves either intramuscular anesthesia, intravenous anesthesia or general anesthesia, then it is important that the patient be certain that the surgical facility is accredited. When liposuction is done totally by local anesthesia then an accredited surgical facility is not essential. Nevertheless, surgeons who regularly do many liposuction surgeries totally by local anesthesia will often seek accreditation of their office facility as a testament to professional excellence and attention to detail.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tHospital Privileges are not Essential<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tHospital privileges for liposuction are not essential. Hospital privileges are often more dependent upon political considerations than on a surgeon&#39;s skill and experience. Economic considerations and turf battles between competing specialties may prevent a well qualified liposuction surgeon from obtaining liposuction privileges in his local hospital despite having treated over 6,000 liposuction patients without any serious complications. On the other hand, this same hospital might grant liposuction privileges to a plastic surgeon who has only recently finished residency training and has never done a liposuction surgery entirely without assistance.<\/p>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tAdditional Considerations<\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn the process of choosing a liposuction surgeon, the patient should be prepared to ask very specific questions of each candidate surgeon. A discussion of some important questions is considered in the following paragraphs. A list of specific questions is provided in the next chapter (see Check List for Choosing Surgeon).<b><br \/>\r\n\t<br \/>\r\n\tHospitalization<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tHas the surgeon had any liposuction patients who have been hospitalized after liposuction surgery? A hospitalization is not necessarily a bad indicator. It might be very desirable to choose a liposuction surgeon who is attentive to potential problems and does not hesitate to hospitalize a patient for observation in order to avoid overlooking a potentially serious complication. A surgeon who is reluctant to hospitalize a patient because he fears it might affect his reputation, might not regard patient safety as the highest concern.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tGood Reputation?<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tDoes the surgeon have a good reputation among other physicians in the community? Ask another physician or another health care professional what they know about the liposuction surgeon you are considering.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tHow Many Liposuction Patients?<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tHow many liposuction patients has the surgeon treated? You might not want to be the first liposuction patient. Be aware of confusing terminology. Some surgeons might use confusing or deceptive terminology when describing their own experience with liposuction. If a surgeon has only treated 25 patients with each patient having 4 areas treated by liposuction, then it might be misleading for the surgeon to claim to have done 100 liposuction &quot;procedures&quot;. How many liposuction patients does the surgeon treat each week? A surgeon who does only a few liposuction patients per year might not be as competent as a surgeon who does liposuction on 3 or 4 patients every week.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tIs the Surgeon Board Certified in a Surgical Specialty?<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tA surgeon who could never pass his or her board examination might not be your first choice. Similarly, board certification in psychiatry might not document adequate training in basic sterile surgical technique.<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tIs the Surgeon Well Trained?<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tIs the surgeon well trained in preventing and taking care of surgical emergencies? Training in preventing complications is more important than experience in taking care of complications. If you had to choose between two equally qualified liposuction surgeons, would you prefer a surgeon who never had to take care of a liposuction emergency, or would you prefer the surgeon who has had to take care of many liposuction emergencies?<br \/>\r\n\t<b><br \/>\r\n\tIs the Surgeon a Member of the Volunteer Faculty?<\/b><br \/>\r\n\tIs the surgeon a member of the volunteer faculty of the local medical school? It is likely that any surgeon who teaches medical students and surgical residents will be up-to-date with current developments within his or her specialty.<br \/>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n","page_title_prolipo-plus":"ProLipo - Laser Liposuction Information by Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_prolipo-plus":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>ProLipo PLUS \u2013 Laser-Assisted Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>Cosmetic surgeons using ProLipo PLUS by Sciton are using laser-assisted liposuction for specific and precise contouring of the body. Like other laser liposuction technologies, ProLipo PLUS laser liposuction uses a small laser housed in a cannula to melt and dissolve fatty tissues that are resistant to diet and exercise. Laser liposuction is also often used in parts of the body where traditional liposuction is not available or not optimal for the best possible results.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Like other laser liposculpture, ProLipo PLUS can be used under local anesthetic and the use of the laser typically reduces bleeding and bruising. By eliminating the need for general anesthesia, the cost of the procedure is lowered and the risk to patients is substantially lowered. In some cases, ProLipo PLUS is performed under general anesthesia, especially if it is being used in conjunction with other cosmetic procedures, but the areas of the body treated with ProLipo PLUS will be quick to heal.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In some cases, a patient may have fatty deposits that are fibrous, difficult to get to, or otherwise challenging to traditional laser lipolysis. Offering your doctor the wavelengths and flexibility they need to get your results is what Sciton ProLipo PLUS is all about.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>ProLipo PLUS is a laser lipolysis technology that offers multiple wavelengths during the course of your laser lipo procedure. This means your cosmetic surgeon can use the correct wavelength and laser power for each individual situation and body part being treated. The cosmetic surgeon can remove more fatty deposits or focus on tightening the skin or do these things simultaneously.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>ProLipo PLUS uses two wavelengths, the 1064 nm and a 1319 nm. The 1064 nm is used to disrupt and melt the fatty tissue. The 1319 wavelength is extremely effective for promoting collagen regeneration and skin tightening and can be used in conjunction with the 1064nm wavelength or each can be used separately. This ability to use the wavelengths separately or together is a powerful benefit to the patient, and you should talk to your doctor about how he or she typically uses the technology during a treatment.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The object of Sciton\u2019s ProLipo PLUS is to give your doctor maximum flexibility and precision in your treatment. ProLipo PLUS is known to have excellent results in areas that are traditionally resistant to traditional liposuction including part of the thighs, the upper abdomen, the lower abdomen, the upper arms and the chin and neck. In some cases, cosmetic surgeons have also been known to use ProLipo PLUS in conjunction with traditional liposuction for the best results.  In other words, they may use traditional liposuction for larger areas of treatment and then follow it with ProLipo PLUS for specific liposculpture.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>ProLipo PLUS has an excellent reputation as a top notch laser-assisted lipolysis technology. <\/p>","page_title_lipolite":"LipoLite Laser Liposuction Information by Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_lipolite":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>LipoLite - Laser Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>LipoLite is a laser liposuction technology available to patients who are in good health and who are not using liposuction as a measure for weight loss. LipoLite laser has been used very successfully in body sculpting and contouring &ndash; and like other laser liposuction techniques is particularly good with small areas that don&rsquo;t work well for traditional liposuction and are resistant to weight loss and exercise.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.syneron.com\/products\/lipoLite\" target=\"_blank\">LipoLite laser liposuction<\/a> technique uses the 1064 nm wavelength to melt away and remove fat from beneath the skin. The tiny cannula and fiber optic laser make for minimal invasiveness during the procedure. In fact, many physicians will use traditional liposuction techniques for the larger sites being targeted on a patient&rsquo;s body and then will follow up with laser lipolysis from a technology like LipoLite.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The LipoLite laser liposuction difference is in their SelectPulse&trade; technology. Basically, doctors can use this technology to deliver short pulses of low energy or longer pulses of higher energy, either of which can be necessary depending on the patient and the body part being treated.&nbsp; This means that LipoLite laser liposuction can treat areas that are fibrous or have tissue that would be traditionally resistant to laser lipo and that this technology is adept at destroying fat cell membranes for maximum results.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>It&rsquo;s of critical importance that your laser liposuction doctor has maximum control and flexibility during treatment for optimal results. They need the proper wavelength and power to successfully melt and dissolve fats while protecting other tissues and anatomical structures. The SelectPulse technology used in LipoLite laser fat removal enables your cosmetic surgeon to do their best work and give you the best contoured liposuction results.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Like other laser lipolysis treatments, LipoLite is considered an outpatient procedure and is often conducted in a cosmetic surgeon&rsquo;s office using only local anesthesia. Procedures usually last between 30 and 60 minutes per body part being treated. The incision and treatment is typically very small and the recovery time is short. LipoLite is most often used on parts of the body like the face, neck, bra line, belly, male chest and stubborn areas of the thighs. Many surgeons will use traditional liposuction and do &ldquo;the detail work&rdquo; with laser lipolysis.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Understanding the procedure is of paramount importance, so when you meet with your doctor you can ask questions and truly understand the treatment.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_water-jet-assisted":"Water Jet Assisted Liposuction Information by Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_water-jet-assisted":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Water Jet Assisted Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>Water jet assisted liposuction is another method of liposuction being used by cosmetic surgeons today.  As in all types of liposuction, fatty deposits are removed from beneath the skin for a more contoured look. Liposuction is optimal for people who are in good physical shape and who aren\u2019t interested in using liposuction as a weight loss measure.<\/p> \r\n\r\n<p>Instead of injecting the body with tumescent fluid and removing the fat cells manually with a cannula, or using laser technology to melt and dislodge the fat, water jet assisted liposuction actually uses a slightly pressurized stream of saline to dislodge fat and simultaneously remove the cells. Instead of destroying fat cells, this type of liposuction loosens the fat cells to facilitate more gentle removal.  Water Jet Assisted liposuction injects tumescent fluid (saline and medicines including a local anesthetic) into the body part being treated. Tumescent fluid is proven effective and several alternate liposuction technologies are now using the tumescent technique for its local anesthetic benefits. In the case of water jet assisted liposuction, it then uses different processes to actually remove the fat and manage fluid levels.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Once the local anesthesia has taken hold, a cannula is then introduced into the tissue to irrigate and then simultaneously suction the loosened fat cell from the body. Finally, any remaining fluid is removed.  The procedure is considered gentle and minimally invasive and the force seen in traditional liposuction methods is not needed when using jet-assisted liposuction.  There is usually very little bruising or swelling and water jet assisted liposuction often has a very short recovery time, partially because the use of water means that there is less tissue trauma to the body.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>This is another liposuction technology that does not require general anesthetic, which reduces risks to the patient and reduces costs. Also, because of the fluid management used in this technique, the surgeon can do a more detailed anatomical assessment while conducting the procedure, so the results are excellent. Basically, the area of the body doesn\u2019t swell up, so the cosmetic surgeon can actually see the results of the liposuction as he or she is doing it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Right now, one of the better known technologies in use is Body-Jet Liposuction by Eclipse. Launched into the marketplace in 2009, water jet assisted liposuction is quickly gaining popularity. These new technologies that offer a gentler and more precise approach are quickly adopted because of their effectiveness and the quick healing time. If your doctor plans to use water jet assisted liposuction make sure you are prepared when you meet with them so you can ask questions about the procedure and understand everything completely. <\/p>","page_title_abdomen":"Abdomen -  Liposuction.com","page_content_abdomen":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Abdomen<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p> The abdomen is the most common area of the body to be treated by liposuction among both men and women. Important factors that affect the success of abdominal liposuction include: the amount and location of abdominal fat, history of weight gain and weight loss, history of pregnancy, and the age and the sex of the patient.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Previous Pregnancy<\/h3>\r\n<p> A previous pregnancy tends to stretch the abdominal muscles, and cause the lower abdomen to bulge to a certain degree. This curvature of the abdominal wall muscles determines the flatness or the shape of the abdominal silhouette after liposuction. Nevertheless, the vast majority of women who have been pregnant are ultimately very happy with results obtained by liposuction alone, and do not require an abdominoplasty (tummy tuck).<\/p>\r\n<h3> C-Section Bulge<\/h3>\r\n<p> The Pfannenstiel incision is the name for the incision across the lower abdomen that is typically made for Cesarian sections, or a hysterectomy. A common but undesirable consequence of a Pfannenstiel incision is a persistent bulge of subcutaneous fat just above the incision. Liposuction can easily repair this annoying deformity.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Prior obesity<\/h3>\r\n<p> Prior obesity and subsequent weight loss produce fat that is more fibrous. This makes liposuction more difficult.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Location of Abdominal Fat<\/h3>\r\n<p> Location of abdominal fat is an important factor in predicting the success of abdominal liposuction. Abdominal fat occurs in two different levels: superficial and deep. Superficial abdominal fat is located just below the skin and above the abdominal muscles. The deep abdominal fat is located inside the abdominal cavity on the intestines. Some people have more deep (intestinal) fat than subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat can be removed by liposuction. Intestinal fat cannot be removed by liposuction because it would be too dangerous. Fat on the intestines can only be diminished by weight loss through diet and exercise. Thus liposuction cannot remove all of the abdominal fat. Most patients have more subcutaneous fat than intestinal fat. Thus, most patients will see a good cosmetic improvement with abdominal liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Successful Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p> This is defined and determined by the degree of a patient&#39;s happiness with the results. Ultimately the patient&#39;s opinion of the cosmetic results depends on multiple factors, including 1) the patient&#39;s expectations, 2) the patient&#39;s preoperative cosmetic deficiencies, and 3) the surgeon&#39;s technical skills and technique. The results are never completely predictable.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Age<\/h3>\r\n<p> Age of the patient is not an important factor in the success of liposuction. Some of the happiest patients are women who are more than 60 of age. In a healthy older woman, liposuction can improve an obese abdomen with little risk or discomfort.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Female Patients<\/h3>\r\n<p> Female patients have softer and less fibrous fat than men, and therefore liposuction on a woman is easier to perform.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Upper Abdomen<\/h3>\r\n<p> Upper abdomen skin may appear slightly wrinkled after liposuction. In older patients with decreased skin elasticity of the upper abdomen, there is a tendency for the skin to appear somewhat cr&ecirc;p&eacute; or slightly wrinkled. Interestingly, the lower abdominal skin does not seem to be susceptible to this type of post-liposuction cr&ecirc;piness. The elasticity of Scarpa&#39;s fascia might prevent cr&ecirc;piness after liposuction of the lower abdomen.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Fat on the Upper Abdomen<\/h3>\r\n<p> This is usually less of a concern than the fat on the lower abdomen. However, if the upper abdominal fat is either not suctioned or inadequately suctioned, subsequent weight gain will enlarge the upper abdomen and give the appearance of a bulky midriff.<\/p>\r\n<h3> The Old-Fashioned Tummy-Tuck<\/h3>\r\n<p> Tumescent liposuction of the abdomen is so effective that few patients require the more dangerous tummy-tuck, also known as an abdominoplasty. Patients who are obese and have a pendulous lower abdomen, often find that tumescent liposuction will give a better cosmetic result than a tummy-tuck.<\/p>\r\n<p> The traditional tummy-tuck involves several surgical steps. First, the subcutaneous fat is removed by liposuction or excision with a scalpel; next, the surgeon excises a large piece of skin from the lower abdomen just above the pubic area; then, the abdominal muscles are tightened using sutures; and finally, the large wound where the skin was excised is closed with staples or sutures.<\/p>\r\n<p> The two most important reasons to have a tummy tuck are 1) extensive laxity or spreading of the abdominal rectus muscles as a result of pregnancy, 2) excessive loose skin and excessive stretch marks. Just because a surgeon recommends a tummy-tuck does not mean that a tummy tuck is necessary. Some surgeons are unaware of the excellent results that can be produced by liposuction without resorting to the more dangerous and the more expensive tummy-tuck. Compared to liposuction, tummy tucks are associated with a much higher risk of serious complications, including fatal pulmonary embolism (blood clots in the lung).<\/p>\r\n<p> If a patient decides that a tummy-tuck is needed, it is usually much safer to separate the traditional tummy-tuck into two separate surgical procedures. Abdominal liposuction should be the done initially. Then, one should wait a couple months and evaluate the cosmetic results of liposuction before deciding to proceed to the skin-excision part of the tummy-tuck. The surprising aspect of using this two-stage approach to abdominoplasty is the high degree of satisfaction that patients find from liposuction alone. In fact, the vast majority of patients are so pleased with the results of liposuction alone that they decide not to pursue the second stage skin resection.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Post-operative Healing<\/h3>\r\n<p> Pain after tumescent liposuction of the abdomen typically does not require any pain medications stronger than acetaminophen (Tylenol). The quality of the pain is similar to the muscle soreness and burning experienced after having worked-out too much. The intensity of the pain is similar to that of a sunburn; it is most intense when the skin of the area is flexed or touched, such as getting in and out of a car, or rolling-over in bed, or when sitting still in a chair. There is minimal discomfort when walking or sitting.<\/p>\r\n<p> With liposuction totally by local anesthesia, patients do not typically need any pain medication immediately after abdominal liposuction because the tumescent local anesthesia last for up to 18 hours. From 36 to 72 hours after surgery, patients experience the greatest degree of soreness and discomfort, but rarely need anything more than acetaminophen (Tylenol).<\/p>\r\n<p> When general anesthesia has been used for liposuction, there is often somewhat more pain after liposuction. This is because surgeons who use general anesthesia usually use less tumescent local anesthesia, do liposuction of more body areas during on the same day, use larger cannulas, and usually close the incisions with sutures.<\/p>\r\n<p> The use of smaller liposuction cannulas (microcannulas) requires a little more time to complete the surgery, but they are associated with less postoperative soreness, and allow smoother results. Because the incisions are smaller, they do not need to be closed by sutures; the open incisions allow more drainage of the blood-tinged tumescent fluid. When incisions are closed with sutures this fluid is trapped under the skin and causes prolonged swelling, and increased pain and soreness.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Swelling and Soreness<\/h3>\r\n<p> The day after surgery, as a result of open-drainage (incisions are not closed with sutures) of the blood-tinged anesthetic fluid and wearing a compression garment, the degree of cosmetic improvement is easily visible and quite dramatic. Over the next several days, after the drainage has ceased, and as the inflammatory healing process progresses, there is a gradual onset of swelling which decreases over the following four to 12 weeks. This subcutaneous abdominal swelling can reduce the ease with which the patient bends forward. For example, tying ones shoes becomes a minor challenge. The edema that occurs after liposuction of the abdomen typically takes longer to resolve than edema in other treated areas. A certain degree of swelling, firmness and lumpiness is normal for the first four to 12 weeks. This firmness of the abdominal skin and subcutaneous tissue gradually decrease over 3 to 4 months after surgery.<\/p>\r\n<p> The open-drainage technique, which reduces swelling and soreness, requires the use of special super-absorbent pads to absorb the drainage and special garments to hold the pads in place. See Absorbent Pads and Compression Garments.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Activity and Bathing<\/h3>\r\n<p> There is no restriction on postoperative physical activity. Patients are advised not to remain in bed, but rather to walk about inside their home or leave their home for a short walk on the evening of the surgery. The patient is expected to shower at least once or twice daily beginning the morning after the day of surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Pitfalls of Abdominal Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Risk Factors - Prior to deciding to do liposuction, the patient is evaluated by the surgeon to determine if there are any health problems that might increase the risk of surgical complications.<\/p>\r\n<p> Abdominal Hernia - An abdominal hernia (muscle separation) near the bellybutton increases the risk of accidental penetration into the abdominal cavity by the liposuction cannula. To eliminate this increased risk, an abdominal hernia can be repaired by a general surgeon several weeks before abdominal liposuction. Typically an abdominal hernia repair is a simple procedure which can often be accomplished under local anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<p> Prior Abdominal Liposuction - Prior abdominal liposuction often causes a certain degree of scaring or fibrosis within the remaining subcutaneous fat. Doing liposuction a second time will be more difficult because of this excessive fibrosis.<\/p>\r\n<p> Multiple procedures - Doing abdominal liposuction together with other surgical procedures increases the risk of surgical complications. Multiple surgical procedures require a longer exposure to general anesthesia, and more pain medications. Multiple procedures require more postoperative bed rest which increases the risk of fatal blood clots in the lung. Such complications are extremely rare when liposuction is performed alone and totally by local anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<p> Peritoneoscopy - Abdominal liposuction and another surgery inside the abdomen is unnecessarily dangerous. Peritoneoscopy, using a scope to see inside the abdomen, creates a pathway directly into the abdominal cavity and increases the risk of a liposuction cannula entering the abdomen and injuring the intestines or the liver.<\/p>\r\n<p> General Anesthesia - The risk of a liposuction cannula accidentally penetrating the abdominal cavity and causing an intestinal injury is very small. If a liposuction cannula causes a bowel perforation under general anesthesia, it might not be diagnosed immediately. When the patient awakes it is likely that any complaint of abdominal pain may be dismissed as the normal and expected discomfort of abdominal liposuction. If the delay goes beyond 18 to 24 hours, there is a grave risk of a life-threatening infection. In contrast, with liposuction totally by local anesthesia, any traumatic bowel perforation will be diagnosed immediately and a general surgeon can repair the wound before there is a serious infection.<\/p>\r\n<p> Excessive Compression - Excessive Compression after an abdominal liposuction can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs. Non-adjustable, high compression postoperative garments are especially dangerous after general anesthesia, when respiratory depressant drugs have been given. In contrast adjustable compression garments are safer.<\/p>\r\n<p> Excessive Fat Removal - Excessive fat removal from the abdomen can be a big mistake. The goal is not to remove as much fat as possible, but rather to produce a result that is a cosmetic improvement and appears natural. For example, following an aggressive liposuction by a surgeon who had removed virtually all of her patient&#39;s subcutaneous abdominal fat, the patient&#39;s husband found the firm hard feel of his wife&#39;s abdomen to be sexually repulsive. Needless to say, the patient did not regard her result as optimal. Excessive liposuction of pubic area fat (mons pubis) may result in the area being so deficient in fat that normal sexual intercourse becomes exceedingly painful.<\/p>\r\n<p> Other risk factors that may affect the relative safety and ultimate cosmetic results of abdominal liposuction include: prior abdominal surgery, laparoscopic procedures, and radiation therapy in the abdominal area.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_anterior-thighs":"Anterior Thighs -  Liposuction.com","page_content_anterior-thighs":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Anterior Thighs<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tOn the anterior thighs, optimally smooth results are more important than maximal volume reduction. Excessive liposuction of the anterior thighs can easily produce ugly irregularities of the skin. Removing more than 60 % of the subcutaneous fat of the anterior thigh is associated with a relatively high incidence of patient dissatisfaction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tDangers of Circumferential Thigh Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction of the entire thigh during one day is not recommended. Circumferential liposuction accomplished by one surgical procedure often results in a prolonged swelling of the feet and legs, with significantly more discomfort and delayed return to normal activities. It is possible that liposuction of the entire circumference of the thigh may predispose the patient to deep leg-vein thrombosis and blood clots in the lung. Circumferential liposuction of the thighs is safer if it is accomplished as a serial procedure.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tSerial Surgeries<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSerial surgeries are preferred, with the sessions spaced one month or more apart. For example, one might treat the outer thighs and hips during one session. Then the anterior thighs, inner thighs, and knees can be treated during the separate session. In this way, bothersome swelling of the lower extremities is infrequent. Typically, patients can be expected to return to work within one to two days after surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tLeg Swelling<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe cause of leg swelling after liposuction of the entire thigh is injury to the lymphatic vessels found in fatty tissue. Lymphatic vessels drain fluid from injured tissue. When the entire thigh is treated, the entire thigh is swollen, and remains swollen for a considerable length of time. By subdividing circumferential liposuction into two separate procedures, there will be fewer total number of days of postoperative disability. The portion of the thigh that is not treated provides functioning lymphatics that compensate for the impaired lymphatic drainage in the treated area.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_arms":"Arms -  Liposuction.com","page_content_arms":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Arms<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tTumescent liposuction of the arms using microcannulas provides excellent cosmetic results. The arms are one of the areas that consistently yield the highest level of patient satisfaction and happiness.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tAppropriate Patient<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tNot every person is a good candidate. But for appropriate patients, the results are most gratifying. Liposuction of the arms is almost exclusively a procedure for women. Exercise of the arms does not reduce the volume of fat located on the arms. Most women do not want arms that appear muscular or masculine. A heavy, bulky arm gives the appearance of obesity, a thinner arm helps to give the appearance of a thinner body.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tSkin Excision<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tOlder liposuction techniques would also often include an additional excision of skin from the inner side of the arm with resulting unsightly scars. With tumescent liposuction of the arms using microcannulas, excision of skin is not necessary. Microcannular tumescent liposuction of female arms easily and consistently yields results that are well proportioned and without visible surgical scars.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tCosmetic Goals<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe aesthetic goal of arm liposuction is for a woman to feel more attractive in social situations while wearing short sleeve clothing. The typical social activities involve standing or walking, sedately sitting at a table while eating or drinking, or seated at a desk writing, typing or conversing on a telephone. The goal of arm liposuction is 1) to improve a disproportionate appearance of the arm, while maintaining the quality of female beauty, 2) to allow the patient to feel more comfortable and less self-conscious when wearing a sleeveless blouse, 3) to achieve a thinner appearance of the arms when the arms are in a relaxed, dependent position alongside of the torso. The goal is not to remove the maximum possible amount of fat. Arms that are disproportionately skinny with an otherwise obese body might appear deformed rather than attractive.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tHanging Skin<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe pendulous drooping flap of the skin hanging from a fat arm when it is held in a horizontal position can be eliminated by tumescent liposuction using microcannulas. It is not sufficient to merely do liposuction on the back of the arm. The guiding principle in liposuction of the arms is the concept of removing the weight of the subcutaneous fat from 75 percent (270 ) or more of the arm&#39;s circumference. By doing liposuction almost around the entire arm, the weight of fat on the skin is eliminated and normal skin elasticity results in a dramatic improvement.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tAnterior Axillary Fat Pads<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThese are located on the chest just in front of the arm-pit. These fat pads become more prominent with age and with increasing degrees of obesity. Even in some relatively thin women, the anterior axillary fat pad can be disproportionately large. A tightly fitting bra causes the fat pads to bulge unattractively above the bra. These fat pads can be eliminated by tumescent liposuction using microcannulas. It is often convenient to do liposuction of the anterior axillary fat pads at the same time as liposuction of the arms.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPosterior Axillary Fat Pads<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThese are located just behind the arm-pit on the side of the back. In some women, these fat pads can be a cosmetic problem. It is often convenient to do liposuction of the posterior axillary fat pads at the same time as liposuction of the arms. Anterior axillary and posterior axillary areas require absorptive padding for only one to two days. The absorptive pads are best held in place with a torso compression garment.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tSurgical Technique<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe use of microcannulas permits a relatively aggressive approach to liposuction of the arms, while minimizing the risks of aesthetically displeasing irregularities of the skin. Multiple small incisions (1.0 mm and 1.5 mm adits) give access to the entire circumference of the arm but always disappear quickly in light-skin patients. A thin layer of residual fat should remain to insure a natural female appearance and the natural softness and feel of a female body. Excessive liposuction can produce a masculine appearance of the arms which some observers may regard as a deformity.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPostoperative Care<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPostoperative Care after liposuction of the arms is relatively simple with only a moderate degree of compression necessary for only a few days. Drainage from the arms usually lasts less than 48 hours after surgery. Dressings consist of absorbent pads, initially held in place by tubular elastic netting, over which are wrapped elastic non-adhesive ace-type bandages. The patient can usually remove and re-apply these dressings without assistance. Postoperative improvement is rapid. Virtually every patient attains a significant degree of improvement within a few days after surgery. Excessive compression may cause swelling of the forearms and hands.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPitfalls and Considerations<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe most common cosmetic problem associated with liposuction of the arms is excessive and uneven removal of fat. Arms that are devoid of subcutaneous fat are not attractive, and do not look like normal female arms. If virtually all the subcutaneous fat is removed from an area of an arm, the result is an unappealing lumpy-bumpy look. This lumpy appearance becomes grossly accentuated if the patient gains weight.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_female-back":"Back, Female -  Liposuction.com","page_content_female-back":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Back, Female<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p> Liposuction of the female back can produce dramatic improvements. The fat on the back can be subdivided into several important areas:<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp; <\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n  <li> Infra-scapular fat (female flanks) is located above the waist and below the shoulder blades. This is the unsightly fat that bulges just below the bra strap.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Posterior axillary fat is located on the upper-outer back near the armpit.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Posterior waist fat is located above and posterior to the hips.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Lumbo-sacral fat pad is located in midline of the lower back, just above the tailbone.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Buffalo hump consists of fat located on the upper back near the neck.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3> Infra-scapular Back<\/h3>\r\n<p> Infra-scapular back is the area on the back just below bra. The fat in this area is a single subcutaneous layer, without a well-defined deeper fat compartment. When a tight bra is worn, this area tends to bulge-out more prominently. Some women have an inherited tendency to collect fat in the infra-scapular back area. With increasing degrees of obesity the infra-scapular back can accumulate so much fat that the skin and subcutaneous tissue can bunch-up forming parallel rolls of fat. Tumescent liposuction with microcannulas can remove this unsightly localized &quot;bra-fat&quot; and provide dramatic aesthetic improvement.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Infra-scapular Back Fat is Fibrous<\/h3>\r\n<p> Infra-scapular back fat is fibrous. Fatty tissue contains fat cells and fibrous connective tissue that hold the fat cells in place. The fat on the infra-scapular back seems to contain a higher proportion fibrous tissue than the fat in other areas of the body. The highly fibrous nature of fat in the subscapular area makes liposuction a challenge. This densely fibrous tissue is nearly impossible to penetrate with large cannulas. However, with the use of microcannulas and tumescent infiltration, this area can be successfully treated. The greater the fibrous content of a fat compartment, the greater the resistance to the penetration by a cannula, and the more difficult it is to achieve a satisfactory degree of liposuction. The initial use of smaller microcannulas, followed by gradually using larger microcannulas, permits more thorough liposuction. Microcannulas with an inside diameter between 1.2 mm and 2.2 mm, can penetrate this fat more easily and permit improved cosmetic results.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Previous Large Weight-loss Affects Results<\/h3>\r\n<p> With weight loss by dieting, the fat cells become smaller but the fibrous tissue remains. Thus after a large weight loss, the remaining compartment of fat will be relatively more fibrous. Consequently, when treating patients with rolls of fat on the back, liposuction is relatively easy if the patient is near her maximum all-time weight. For another patient of the same height and weight who has lost a considerable degree of weight, liposuction of the same area is much more difficult. For mildly obese patients who do not have excessively fat back, liposuction can also provide significant improvement. If a patient gains a significant amount of weight after liposuction of the back, then some of the cosmetic benefit of liposuction may be lost.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Hyperpigmentation of Incision Sites<\/h3>\r\n<p> The skin on the back is especially susceptible to liposuction-induced hyperpigmentation of the skin surrounding incision sites. The number of incisions placed on the back should be minimized. Trauma to the skin near an incision site can result in a dark mark known as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.<\/p>\r\n<p> Microcannulas are better than larger cannulas for avoiding unnecessary trauma to the skin near incision sites on the back. Also, hyperpigmentation at incision sites for liposuction seems more likely to occur on the back than do incisions located more laterally toward the sides. Thus, when doing liposuction on the back, surgeons will often place incisions sites as far laterally as is practical.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Risks of Excessive Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Because there is no deep compartment of fat on the back, but merely a thick layer of dermal fat, some surgeons have a tendency to do excessive superficial liposuction and injure the skin. The consequence of excessive liposuction that injures the under-surface of the skin is a permanent discoloration of the skin known as erythema ab liporaspiration. See figure 10. An injury to the skin caused by overly aggressive liposuction can also cause full thickness necrosis of the skin (the skin dies) that ultimately results in an ugly scar.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Postoperative Care<\/h3>\r\n<p> Postoperative care after liposuction of the back merely requires adequate coverage with super-absorbent pads, held in place with an appropriate torso compression garment. A high degree of external compression is not necessary for liposuction of the back. The motion of the torso during respiration, and other normal daily activities are sufficient to completely expel the residual blood-tinged anesthetic solution from treated areas overlying the rib cage. The application of absorptive compression sponges is accomplished in a fashion quite similar to applying absorptive compression sponges to the abdomen, or breasts.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Lumbo-Sacral Fat Pads<\/h3>\r\n<p> The relatively small fat deposits on the lower back are easily removed by liposuction. Caution should be used in the preoperative physical exam of this area. A focal lipoma or hairy birth mark may indicate the presence of a defect in the lower spine. If in doubt, an x-ray of the area should be obtained.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Buffalo Hump<\/h3>\r\n<p> Increasing obesity, is often associated with an increasingly prominent accumulation of fatty tissue on the mid upper back. This area is known as the Cervico-Dorsal Hump or the Buffalo Hump. Liposuction of the dorsal hump is easily accomplished and patients are uniformly delighted with the results.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Posterior Waist<\/h3>\r\n<p> Posterior waist usually contains a significant fat deposit, however, it is often overlooked when the hips are treated by liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Ultrasound-Assisted Liposuction (UAL)<\/h3>\r\n<p> Although some surgeons use ultrasonic assisted liposuction to treat the back, it is now recognized that many of the original claims about the safety of ultrasonic were not correct. The heat generated by ultrasonic liposuction device may burn the skin and cause scars. Ultrasound machines that surgeons use to perform UAL have never been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in doing liposuction. Tumescent liposuction using microcannulas is far safer than UAL<\/p>\r\n","page_title_breats-female":"Breasts, Female -  Liposuction.com","page_content_breats-female":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Breasts, Female<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3> Tumescent Liposuction of the Female Breast<\/h3>\r\n<p> Tumescent liposuction of the female breast totally by local anesthesia can produce both a significant breast reduction and a moderate but gratifying breast lift. The use of microcannulas permits breast reduction with minimal postoperative pain, rapid postoperative recovery, quick return to normal activities, and virtually no scaring. Not only can liposuction reduce the female breast by more than 50 percent in size, the breasts are also lifted to a significant degree. This breast lift is the result of the reduced weight of the breast, which allows the breasts&#39; natural elastic properties to contract and produce elevation. The breasts do not change shape after tumescent liposuction, they simply become smaller and somewhat elevated. After liposuction, the breast&#39;s shape is simply a smaller version of the shape before liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3> No Surgical Scars<\/h3>\r\n<p> Surgical scars are not visible in most patients after breast reduction by tumescent liposuction using microcannulas. Evidence of micro-incisions usually disappears within a few months. The use of microcannulas permits the use of extremely small round incisions that are 1 millimeter (approximately 1\/25 of an inch) in diameter. These tiny incisions produce scars that are much smaller than 1 millimeter and therefore almost invisible. In contrast, traditional breast reduction is associated with much larger scars and more visible scars. Patients whose natural skin color is darkly pigmented can expect to have some tiny spots of increased pigmentation at the incision sites where the microcannula enters the skin. This post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation usually fades away after 1 to 2 years.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Tumescent Liposuction Lifts the Breasts<\/h3>\r\n<p> Both breast reduction and breast lift can be accomplished by tumescent liposuction. Liposuction reduces breast size in direct proportion to the volume of fat removed. Liposuction reduces the weight of the breast and allows the natural elastic tissue in the breast to retract and produce a visible breast lift.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Older Techniques for Breast Reduction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Older techniques for breast reduction, known as surgical-excision breast reduction, involved cutting the breast with a scalpel to excise or remove large amounts of breast tissue. Problems associated with surgical-excision breast reduction include the risk of keloids or excessively large scars, uneven sized breasts, abnormal appearance of the skin near the nipple, impaired nipple sensation, and possible nipple damage. Other risks include bleeding, blood clots or hematoma in the breast, seromas (fluid collection in the breast), fat necrosis with cyst formation in the breast, and scarring of the deep breast tissue that can produce mammogram abnormalities. Besides requiring general anesthesia, breast reduction by excision is also associated with significant pain and prolonged recovery.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Advantages of Breast Reduction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Advantages of breast reduction by tumescent liposuction using microcannulas include 1) Rapid recovery. The typical patient can return to work and normal social activity within two to three days after surgery, 2) Virtually no scars, 3) Reduction of 20 to 50 percent of the breast volume, 4) Minimal risks of postoperative complications.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Problems with Excessively Large Breasts<\/h3>\r\n<p> Excessively large female breasts cause pain and suffering, physical impairment and psychological problems. Athletic activity is significantly limited. Chronic changes in posture in an effort to compensate for the weight of excessively large breasts can lead to chronic pain in the back, neck, and shoulders. Chronic pressure from bra straps can cause permanent indentations of the shoulders. Large breasts can predispose women to candida yeast infections of the skin in areas where the skin rubs together, such as between the breasts and beneath the breasts. A woman who has very large breasts may regard them as cosmetically undesirable. Finding a bra that fits and is comfortable may be impossible. Clothing does not fit well.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Who is a Good Candidate?<\/h3>\r\n<p> Some women are likely to have better results than other women after breast reduction by liposuction. Tumescent breast reduction totally by local anesthesia is only appropriate for a certain subset of women. However, for the appropriate patient, the results of tumescent liposuction can be extremely gratifying. The best candidates for breast reduction by tumescent liposuction have breasts that contain a large proportion of fat. For example, women who have passed through menopause typically have breasts that contain a larger proportion of fat than do teenagers. A good candidate must also have realistic expectations.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Breasts Containing a Large Proportion of Fat<\/h3>\r\n<p> After menopause, much of the glandular tissue in the breasts is replaced by fatty tissue, thus, old women with large breasts are usually very good candidates for tumescent liposuction of the breasts. Young women who continue to have menstrual periods and are somewhat overweight might also have breasts that contain a significant amount of fat, and therefore would also be good candidates for liposuction of the breasts. The proportion of fat in the female breast can be determined by a mammogram.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Realistic Expectations<\/h3>\r\n<p> Breast reduction by liposuction will produce a smaller version of the breasts that a woman had before liposuction. One can expect the breasts to be significantly smaller, to be elevated and to show virtually no scars. However, the breasts&#39; overall shape will be very similar to their shape before liposuction. Liposuction will usually not produce young &quot;perky&quot; breasts. The elevation of breast position is the result of decreased breasts&#39; weight and the elastic properties of the suspensory ligaments in the breast.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Who is Not a Good Candidate?<\/h3>\r\n<p> Not every woman is a good candidate for liposuction breast reduction. Some women have breasts that will require traditional breast reduction surgery with large excisions and large scars. Women who are not ideal candidates for breast reduction by liposuction include those whose breasts contain more glandular tissue than fat tissue.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Unrealistic Expectations<\/h3>\r\n<p> Women who expect perfect breasts after liposuction breast reduction have unrealistic expectations. For example, most women who have had a baby, should not expect breast reduction surgery to recreate the &quot;perfect&quot; breasts of a virgin. There is usually no surgical procedure that can achieve this unrealistic goal.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Excessively Pendulous Breasts<\/h3>\r\n<p> Excessively pendulous breasts usually contain only a small proportion of fat. If breasts that appear to sag or droop significantly and contain only a small amount of tissue, then liposuction will not provide satisfactory cosmetic improvement. Such &quot;empty&quot; breasts contain little fat and therefore will not be improved by liposuction. Cosmetic improvement of &quot;empty&quot; breasts usually requires excision of skin, as well as breast implants.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Thin Young Women<\/h3>\r\n<p> Thin young women who have breasts containing mostly glandular breast tissue with little fat are often not good candidates for breast reduction by liposuction. For example, a relatively thin woman with large breasts often has breasts that contain a high proportion of glandular breast tissue and almost no fat. In such cases there is little fat in the breasts and liposuction will not produce a significant reduction.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Excessively Large Breasts<\/h3>\r\n<p> Liposuction can usually be expected to provide no more than a 55 percent reduction in breast size. Women who need more than a 55 percent reduction in breast size might be happier with the results of traditional surgical breast reduction surgery despite the unsightly scars associated with the excision of skin and breast tissue.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Excessively Dense Breast Tissue<\/h3>\r\n<p> Some women have breasts that contain a large proportion of glandular tissue, and relatively little fatty tissue. Liposuction can remove fat, but glandular breast tissue is largely resistant to liposuction. Fibrocystic disease of the breast can make liposuction more difficult. However, when fibrocystic disease is only mild to moderate in degree then some women can achieve sufficient results.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Existence of a Breast Lump<\/h3>\r\n<p> Any significant breast mass must be evaluated with a mammogram and possibly a breast biopsy prior to breast reduction. Cosmetic breast surgery is not appropriate until the surgeon has established that there is a minimal likelihood of breast cancer. Breast surgery in any patient with a significant family history of breast cancer requires very careful consideration and detailed informed consent.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Milk Production After Breast Reduction<\/h3>\r\n<p> If a woman becomes pregnant after tumescent liposuction of the breasts, there is a reasonable chance that she will be able to breast feed. With the use of microcannulas, tumescent liposuction produces very little damage to the glands and ducts that produce milk. In contrast with breast reduction techniques that use scalpels to cutout large portions of breast tissue, the glands and ducts are usually damaged and blocked by excessive scar tissue that prevents milk production and breast feeding.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Preoperative Mammograms<\/h3>\r\n<p> Preoperative mammograms should be considered in order to rule out existing malignancies, and to establish a up-to-date baseline mammogram with which future mammograms might be compared. Similarly, after breast reduction, mammograms should be done within 3 to 6 months in order to establish new base-line mammograms. With traditional breast reduction by surgical excision, it is not uncommon to encounter postoperative inflammatory nodules, and lipid filled pseudocysts. These conditions may make it difficult to interpret future mammograms without good baseline mammograms for comparison. Inflammatory nodules and pseudocysts are rare after tumescent liposuction of the female breast.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Minimal Trauma to Breast Tissue<\/h3>\r\n<p> Liposuction removes fatty tissue from the breast, and mostly spares the glandular breast tissue that is responsible for the production of milk. There is so little trauma to the breast tissue that x-ray examinations of the breast, known as mammograms, usually appear normal after microcannula liposuction of the female breast. In contrast, after excisional breast reduction, x-ray mammograms show calcification and other changes in appearance.<\/p>\r\n<h3> After Menopause<\/h3>\r\n<p> After menopause, breast reduction by liposuction becomes relatively easy. Before menopause, a woman&#39;s breasts contain a higher proportion of fibrous glandular breast tissue. Glandular breast tissue is not easily removed by liposuction. However, after menopause, breasts contain a significantly higher amount of fat that is easily removed by liposuction. Liposuction is easier in women who have already gone through menopause. Younger women often benefit significantly from breast liposuction, but liposuction of younger women&#39;s breasts usually requires significantly greater effort, compared to older women.<\/p>\r\n<h3> How can There be Almost No Scars?<\/h3>\r\n<p> For breast reduction using micro cannulas, the holes that are made in the skin are extremely small, only 1 millimeter (mm), smaller than a toothpick. These small holes are called adits, and they serve several useful functions (see The Functions of Adits). Adits are made with a skin biopsy punch. An adit is so small that it heals with virtually no visible scar. Because the skin of the breast is stretchy and elastic, the opening of a 1 mm adit can easily be stretched to accommodate liposuction cannulas with outside diameters ranging from 1.5mm to 2.8 mm. Typically 8 to 12 adits are placed in a random pattern on each breast. By using adits there is no need for larger incisions and thus there are no larger scars.<\/p>\r\n<h3> The Functions of Adits<\/h3>\r\n<p> Adits are openings in the skin that permit 1) insertion of the needle that injects the solution of tumescent local anesthesia, 2) insertion of microcannulas (very small liposuction cannulas) that suck-out the fat, and 3) openings that maximize the post-operative drainage of residual blood-tinged local anesthetic solution which minimizes swelling and bruising.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Local Anesthesia Vs General Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p> Breast reduction by tumescent liposuction using microcannulas can be accomplished totally by local anesthesia or with general anesthesia. Liposuction can be accomplished safely with either local anesthesia or general anesthesia. Local anesthesia is usually considered safer than general anesthesia (this is why dentists prefer to use local anesthesia). In the hands of a surgeon who is well trained and experienced at doing liposuction totally by local anesthesia, breast liposuction is routinely accomplished with virtually no pain. Surgeons who have not had specific training in liposuction totally by local anesthesia are usually unable to accomplish tumescent liposuction without the use of heavy IV sedation or general anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Measurement of Breast Volume<\/h3>\r\n<p> The volume of each breast is measured by a water-displacement method. Measuring the breast volume is accomplished by immersing the breast in a beaker full to the brim of comfortably warm water; after removing the breast from the beaker, the volume of water necessary to refill the beaker to its brim is recorded. The average of two repeated measurements provides a reasonably accurate estimate of each breast&#39;s volume. An accurate measurement of breast volume is necessary for planning the amount of fat to be removed from each breast. If the breasts are originally unequal in size, then the surgeon can remove an appropriate extra volume of fat from the larger breast, and thus improve the symmetry of the breasts.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Step-by-Step Liposuction Breast Reduction Totally by Local Anesthesia:<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n  <li> Measure the volume of each breast.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Use indelible ink to draw lines on the breasts that will help the surgeon during the infiltration process, and during surgery.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Use the smallest possible needle to painlessly inject a small volume of local anesthetic into the skin in the exact locations where adits will be placed.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Create 1 mm diameter adits in the skin using a skin biopsy punch.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Complete the infiltration of the tumescent local anesthesia. The total volume of local anesthesia infiltrated into a breast will be approximately equal to the original preoperative volume of the breast.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Do liposuction of the breast using microcannulas that range in diameter from 1.5 mm to 2.7 mm.<\/li>\r\n  <li> After liposuction is completed, super-absorbent HK Pads are placed on the breast to absorb the blood-tinged tumescent fluid that drains from the adits after surgery. Put on a spandex HK Breast Compression Garment to hold the pads in place.<\/li>\r\n  <li> &nbsp;<\/li>\r\n  <li> Place additional adjustable elastic HK binders on top of the spandex garment to increase the degree of compression and thus encourage more complete drainage of the blood-tinged tumescent fluid.<\/li>\r\n  <li> Shower and change HK Pads twice daily for the next few days. Most patients can discontinue the use of HK Breast Compression Garments within 3 to 6 days.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3> Breast-Feeding After Breast Reduction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Breast-feeding after breast reduction is a more likely possibility after liposuction using microcannulas than after a surgical excision. Because there is minimal trauma to glandular breast tissue, and because of the normal appearance of post-liposuction mammograms (X-rays of the breast), it is reasonable to predict that a breast reduction by tumescent liposuction should not interfere with future lactation. Breast-feeding may not be possible after traditional surgical-excision breast reduction because the excisions and subsequent scaring severs and blocks the milk ducts.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Mammograms Before &amp; After Breast Surgery<\/h3>\r\n<p> Mammograms (X-ray of the breast) detect breast cancer by revealing tiny white specks (calcifications) within the breast tissue. Any surgery of the breast can result in postoperative calcifications that might hinder the detection of breast cancer by a mammogram. It is important to compare mammograms done before and 6 months after breast reduction in order to detect any new calcifications caused by breast surgery. Calcifications caused by surgery typically look different from calcifications due to cancer. Nevertheless, any new breast calcifications that are not documented soon after surgery might later be confused with evidence of breast cancer. Calcifications are uncommon after breast reduction by tumescent liposuction. In contrast, calcifications after breast reduction by traditional surgical-excision are frequent.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Normal Healing Process<\/h3>\r\n<p> After tumescent liposuction of the female breast, there is a gradual decrease in postoperative swelling over the subsequent 8 to 16 weeks. With the use of open-drainage and proper compression garments, there is very little, if any, bruising. Breast lumps immediately after liposuction: Liposuction of the female breast is occasionally associated with temporary lumpiness that can persist for several weeks after surgery. This temporary lumpiness, which can be felt with the fingers but is not visible, is part of the normal healing processes.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Post-Operative Breast Compression<\/h3>\r\n<p> Optimal breast compression after any form of breast reduction surgery will minimize the occurrence of temporary post-operative lumpiness, accelerate the healing process, and decrease post-operative pain, swelling and bruising,. Without open-drainage (tiny incisions are not closed with sutures) and adequate external breast compression in the immediate post-liposuction period, there is an increased risk of bleeding, bruising, or hematomas.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Breast Compression Garments<\/h3>\r\n<p> Special Adjustable Breast Compression Garments have been designed to allow easily adjustable compression. If the compression is too slight, there is a risk of subcutaneous bleeding. If the compression is too tight, the patient may experience pain or difficulty breathing. The solution to this situation is to use an adjustable compression garment so that the patient can easily adjust the compression to the maximum comfortable level at any time.<\/p>\r\n<h3> The Three Stages of Breast Compression<\/h3>\r\n<p> Day 1: The first 12 to 18 hours after breast liposuction requires the maximum compression that the patient can tolerate comfortably; this relatively intense compression is necessary to minimize the risk of postoperative hematomas and limit the amount of bruising.<br \/>\r\n  Day 2: The day after surgery, while there is some drainage, the compression is adjusted to a moderate level that is maintained for at least 48 hours and for 24 hours beyond the time when all drainage has ceased. Compression for comfort. After all drainage has ceased, the degree of compression is reduced again to a level that is sufficient to give comfort and support.<\/p>\r\n<h3> The HK Breast Garment<\/h3>\r\n<p> The HK Breast Garment permits a uniquely comfortable, adjustable, secure, high pressure compression for breasts following tumescent liposuction. This garment is designed to permit an easy adjustment of the compression by the patient. If the compression is so tight that it causes pain or difficulty breathing, then the patient can loosen the compression without assistance. Because of the prolonged local anesthetic effect of the tumescent anesthesia, most patients require no postoperative analgesia other than acetaminophen (Tylenol).<\/p>\r\n<h3> Complications of Liposuction Breast Reduction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Any type of surgery can result in a surgical complication. Traditional breast reduction by excision is associated with more complications than breast reduction by liposuction. A complication that can occur with tumescent liposuction of the female breast is excessive bruising due to the use of a poorly designed elastic compression garment and inadequate post-operative compression. This bruising typically resolves without any permanent problem.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Complications of Traditional Surgical-Excision Reduction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Complications of traditional surgical-excision reduction include impaired sensation to the nipple and areola (the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple). Breast reduction by surgical excision often produces scars that are painful or enlarged and disfiguring (hypertrophic, keloid). The necrosis and loss of a nipple because of a surgical injury to the nipple&#39;s blood supply is a rare complication of traditional surgical excisions for breast reduction.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Complications with Any Breast Surgery<\/h3>\r\n<p> Some complication of traditional reduction mammoplasty might also be encountered with tumescent liposuction of the female breast. With any form of breast surgery there is a risk that a needle or cannulas may puncture the lining of the lung and cause a pneumothorax. In this situation, air leaks out of the lung inside the chest cavity, which can impair breathing. A pneumothorax is more dangerous if it occurs during the use of general anesthesia because the high pressures associated with mechanical ventilation cause a more rapid air leak.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Fat Injection Into Breasts<\/h3>\r\n<p> Patients occasionally ask if it is possible to take fat from one area of a woman&#39;s body and inject it into her breasts. This procedure, known as autologous fat transplantation, has been associated with severe complications. Breast augmentation by autologous fat transplantation is an experimental procedure. It should only be done under the guidance of formal human studies research protocols for patient protection. Among the complications that have been reported are life threatening infections, fat necrosis, and lipo-necrotic cysts.<\/p>\r\n<p> Details of the surgical technique for breast reduction by liposuction totally by local anesthesia are described in careful detail in the book entitled Tumescent Technique: Tumescent Anesthesia and Microcannular Liposuction, written by Jeffrey Klein, MD, published by Mosby, 2000.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_breasts-male":"Breasts, Male -  Liposuction.com","page_content_breasts-male":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Breasts, Male<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tThe goal for liposuction of the male breast is simple: Improve the patient&#39;s physical appearance by removing as much fat as possible while avoiding any damage to skin or muscles. Liposuction of the male breast is one of the four areas on men most commonly treated by liposuction. The other areas are the abdomen, flanks, and chin\/cheek\/jowls. Male patients with excessive fat in their breasts can expect significant improvement with tumescent liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tThe Normal Male Breast<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe normal male breast contains both adipose (fat) tissue and fibrous glandular tissue. True breast tissue in males is typically a small localized lump located immediately under the nipple that is more firm than the surrounding fatty tissue. It is easy to remove fatty breast tissue by liposuction, but much more difficult to liposuction glandular tissue. Prospective patients should understand that it is sometimes difficult to accurately assess the relative amount of fat and true glandular breast tissue in a male breast. A routine mammogram may help in assessing the amount of dense glandular tissue located within the surrounding fatty tissue.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPseudo-gynecomastia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPseudo-gynecomastia is defined as an enlargement of male breast(s) caused by an excessive amount of fat tissue, but a normal amount of glandular breast tissue. Most male breasts that appear unusually large are the result of excessive fat. A slight but cosmetically undesirable degree of pseudo-gynecomastia probably occurs in a majority of men as they become older. Excessively fatty breasts are not uncommon in younger men who are relatively obese.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tTrue Gynecomastia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThis is defined as enlargement of male breast(s) caused by excessive glandular breast tissue. A true excess glandular breast tissue in men is not common. There are a number of distinct causes of gynecomastia including alcoholism, failure of the testicles to produce sufficient testosterone hormone, and many medications. Bilateral gynecomastia can also be associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, renal failure treated with hemodialysis, certain cancers such as testicular cancer, and adrenal corticosteroid secreting tumors. If a male has a single enlarged breast then one must consider the possibility of a true breast tumor. Any significant asymmetry of the male breasts, especially if there is a history of recent onset of asymmetric growth, should prompt the surgeon to consider a mammogram.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tDrugs<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDrugs that can cause gynecomastia include amiloride (Moduretic), amiodarone (Cordarone), amphetamines, anabolic steroids, antiandrogens (cyproterone), anticancer (cytotoxic) drugs, androgens, busulfan (Myleran), captopril (Capoten), cimetidine (Tagamet), clomiphene (Clomid), diazepam (Valium), diethylpropion (Tenuate), digitalis, domperidone, estrogens, isoniazid, ketoconazole (Nizoral), marijuana, methyldopa, metoclopramide, nifedipine (Procardia), nitrosourea, penicillamine, phenothiazines, phenytoin (Dilantin), reserpine, spironolactone (Aldactone), tricyclic antidepressants, vincristine.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tNormal Temporary Gynecomastia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThis occurs in 75% newborns due to maternal estrogen hormones that cross the placenta into the baby&#39;s blood during the pregnancy. During puberty 60% of normal boys experience temporary breast enlargement that usually regresses within a few months.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tLiposuction For Enlarged Male Breasts<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThis is most effective for pseudo-gynecomastia. For true gynecomastia, the breast tissue is dense and fibrous and therefore difficult to penetrate and remove with a liposuction cannula. Among normal healthy men there is a wide range of the relative amount of fatty tissue and glandular tissue found in the breasts. Most healthy men have a small amount of glandular tissue and a larger proportion of fatty tissue in their breasts. Microcannulas are effective in removing both breast tissue and fatty tissue from the normal male breast. Exceptionally dense glandular breast tissue may require surgical removal using a scalpel followed by a closure using stitches.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tLiposuction Surgical Technique<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction of the male breast is a well recognized procedure, however the technique and instrumentation has not been standardized. It has been our experience that smaller cannulas facilitate liposuction of male breast glandular tissue, and permit consistently outstanding results. Some surgeons use larger cannulas having an outside diameter (OD) of at least 4 mm. Many surgeons prefer to use prefer microcannulas having an inside diameter (ID) ranging from 16 gauge = 1.2 mm ID, 14 gauge = 1.8 mm ID, and sometimes a 12 gauge = 2.2 mm ID cannula. Some surgeons advocate excision male breast tissue with a scalple despite the relatively high incidence of scaring retraction and disfigurement.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tLiposuction by Local Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tTumescent liposuction of the male breast can be accomplished totally by local anesthesia. After gently injecting local anesthesia into selected areas of the skin overlying the breasts, multiple 1.5 mm adits (punch biopsy holes) are made. Then a large volume of tumescent local anesthesia is injected into the breasts. The resistance of glandular breast tissue to penetration by a microcannula can be reduced by infiltrating a large volume of tumescent local anesthesia. The smaller the cannula diameter, the easier it can penetrate the dense tissues. Short 5 cm long 16 gauge cannulas are ideal of initiating liposuction within the dense portion of the male breast.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPostoperative Care<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAfter liposuction is completed, the adits allowed to remain open (they are not closed with sutures) in order to maximize drainage of blood-tinged tumescent anesthetic solution. This drainage is absorbed by HK Pads held in place by an spandex HK Breast-Torso Garment?. For additional compression, two 6-inch wide elastic binders are place on top of the HK Garment, over the breast to maximize compression. A unique feature of the HK garment is a pair of velcro strips (hooks) sewn onto the front and extending from the shoulders to the mid abdomen that prevent the elastic binders from slipping out of place. See Figure 6. This combination of compression devices allows an adjustable degree of compression that can be applied precisely over the entire liposuctioned-area. Adequate compression during the first 18 to 24 hours after surgery is necessary to prevent bleeding and excessive bruising.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tRealistic Expectations<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWhile it is not realistic to expect perfect results, most patients should expect a significant improvement. It is a good idea for patients to assume that they will only achieve a 50% improvement. In fact, most men will achieve more than a 50% improvement. However, if the patient would not be satisfied with a 50% improvement then perhaps that patient&#39;s expectations are too high and a little unrealistic. In some men, there is not much room for improvement. For example, if a thin man has a minimal amount of excess fatty tissue in the breast, then the surgeon might tell the patient not to expect more than a 30 percent improvement. It is usually a good idea for the surgeon to provide the prospective an explicit written estimate of the relative degree of improvement that the male patient can realistically expect.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPotential causes of patient dissatisfaction include insufficient amount of tissue removed by liposuction, excessive scars, uneven or asymmetric results, and skin irregularities. Using microcannulas tends to minimize the risk for these problems.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tAvoid Ultrasonic Assisted Liposuction (UAL)<!--<h3-->h3&gt;<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUltrasonic liposuction is much more dangerous than most patients and many surgeons realize. There have been major complications including potential infections, complete loss of overlying skin as a result of burns caused by heat generated by the ultrasound device, and even deaths that are the direct result of UAL. The initial published reports and descriptions of the benefits of UAL were overly optimistic and inaccurate. Subsequent to these publications, some patients of the authors of these articles encountered severe complications as the direct result of UAL. By failing to publish these unfavorable results, the authors have contributed to an unrealistic and overly optimistic reputation of UAL. In fact, because the is insufficient evidence that UAL is safe, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has refused to permit any company to sell an ultrasonic devise to be used for liposuction.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_buttocks":"Buttocks -  Liposuction.com","page_content_buttocks":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Buttocks<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\tTiny Cannulas Give Best Results<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUsing microcannulas and tumescent liposuction techniques, the size and shape of the buttocks can be improved, and can produce excellent, symmetric, and smooth results. Microcannulas have a diameter of less than 3 mm or less than 1\/8 of an inch. In contrast, liposuction of the buttocks using large cannulas is more likely to cause irregular shape and lumpiness. Larger cannulas are somewhat old fashioned, and tend to be used by surgeons for maximum speed rather than maximum finesse and precision.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tShape Is Important<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe shape of the buttocks is formed by subcutaneous fat. When well proportioned, the buttocks fit into clothing more comfortably. When misshaped or disproportioned, buttocks are a source of dissatisfaction, inconvenience, shame, embarrassment, and derision.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tFunction and Aesthetics<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe fat of the buttocks has functional and aesthetic importance. Functionally, the buttock is a soft, resilient cushion that provides protection when sitting on a hard surface. Aesthetically, a beautiful, callipygian buttock is a source of admiration and visual delight; it is pleasing to behold, and hold.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tCallipygean<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe Ancient Greeks were preeminent authorities on the subject of human surface anatomy. They had a word to describe beautiful buttocks: callipygian. The word is derived from a compilation of kallos (beautiful) and pyge (rump). The Callipygian Venus is a famous marble statue of a female nude discovered in the Roman house of Emperor Nero, and now displayed at the Museo Nationale in Naples.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tLiposuction Surgical Technique<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe goal of tumescent liposuction of the buttocks to achieve uniformly smooth results with a pleasing reduction in size and bulk. The surgeon must strive to achieve a symmetry and avoid excessive fat removal. Because the buttocks is a rounded surface, it is difficult to achieve a smooth rounded result by liposuction using a large cannula with only one or two incisions. Large cannulas have a tendency to create a lumpy-bumpy furrowed result. The smoothest results are achieved using microcannulas (less than 3 mm diameter) and multiple tiny incisions that leave virtually no visible scars.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tToo much liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tToo much Liposuction will leave an unacceptable sagging appearance, and surgical irregularities of the skin. The goal is never to remove the maximal volume of fat; rather it is to produce the smoothest, most natural, well proportioned result possible. As a general rule, no more than 40 percent of the buttock fat should be removed by liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction cannot be expected to lift or elevate the buttock to any noticeable degree. A skilled surgeon can remove fat uniformly from throughout the volume of the buttocks and thereby produce a reduction in the weight of the buttocks. By removing some of the weight of the buttock, the natural elastic recoil of skin has the potential to produce a slight elevation. In older patients whose skin has lost some of its youthful elastic qualities, there is usually very little elevation.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tSacral Fat Pad<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSome patients have a genetically determined fat pad (the sacral fat pad) located on the lower back just above the intergluteal crease. From an aesthetic perspective, the sacral pad is regarded as a component of the buttock.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tHorizontal Crease Below the Buttocks<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe horizontal crease below the buttocks is the boundary between the buttocks and the posterior thighs. The crease is formed by a meshwork of fibrous connective tissue stands (known as Luschka&#39;s ligament) that loosely connects the skin to the surface of the muscles in the buttocks. Some people do not have a horizontal gluteal crease. It is a mistake to attempt to create horizontal gluteal crease by liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tHorizontal crease cannot be created. Any attempt to produce an a horizontal crease below the buttocks by means of liposuction is unwise and often results in a crease that appears unnaturally scooped-out, and furrowed. This deformity is most apparent when the when the patient bends over, and stretches the affected area. Removing too much fat from the buttock in this area results in pain when sitting on a hard surface. Too much liposuction in the area of the horizontal crease cannot be repaired. The cosmetic risks outweigh the possible benefits.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tThe Banana-Shaped Bulge<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThis is a banana-shaped fat pad sometimes found below the horizontal crease, on the upper posterior thigh immediately below the buttock. Removing too much fat from the banana-bulge will produce a redundant or double horizontal crease.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tDouble Horizontal Crease<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMany women are concerned about the banana-shaped bulge which represents a focal accumulation of fat and skin. Most patients who have a prominent banana-form fold will want the surgeon to treat the area aggressively. However a conservative approach is recommended. Patients should be told not to expect more than a 50% improvement in this area with the first surgery. If additional surgery is necessary, then a second liposuction procedure can be performed at a later date. Excessively aggressive liposuction of the banana-form fold will often produce second horizontal infra-gluteal crease that is almost impossible to repair without a significant scar. This first time the banana-shaped bulge is treated by liposuction, it is always better to remove too little than too much.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_face-neck":"Face and Neck -  Liposuction.com","page_content_face-neck":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Face and Neck<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p> Tumescent liposuction is the safest and usually the most effective technique for removing fat from the chin, cheeks and jowls. Liposuction involves fewer complications, fewer scars, avoids the dangers of general anesthesia, has a more rapid recovery, lower costs, and typically gives a more natural appearance compared to a facelift.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp; <\/p>\r\n<h3> Women<\/h3>\r\n<p> Women who have local deposits of subcutaneous fat in the face and neck and who have excessively wrinkled skin will often get better results from liposuction combined with either a laser resurfacing or a chemical peel, than they would from a facelift. See figures 2 and 3. Younger women who have good skin elasticity, liposuction alone can also produce dramatic improvement and is a much simpler and safer procedure than a facelift.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Men<\/h3>\r\n<p> Men often choose tumescent liposuction over a facelift because the tell-tail scars and the surgical-look of a facelift are not acceptable for a man.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Good Candidates<\/h3>\r\n<p> Not all patients are good candidates for liposuction of the face and neck. For some patients a face lift would be the preferred procedure, while for other patients liposuction would be best. Facelift may be preferred by a woman who has large folds of skin on the neck with little subcutaneous fat.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Anatomy<\/h3>\r\n<p> The phrase liposuction of the &quot;face and neck&quot; is somewhat misleading. To be more specific, liposuction in this general area involves the submental (below the jaw) chin, the jowls, and a small area of the cheeks.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Submental Chin<\/h3>\r\n<p> Submental chin includes the area below the margin of the jaw, and extends onto the front of the neck. Regardless of one&#39;s age, an inherited localized collection of excess fat beneath the chin makes one look chubby, older and less athletic. Liposuction is usually the simplest, safest, and least expensive way to treat this cosmetic problem.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Subcutaneous Fat<\/h3>\r\n<p> Cheeks with too much subcutaneous fat can make a person appear chubby. This type of fat deposit is usually the result of an inherited tendency that is resistant to exercise and diet. Tumescent liposuction using very small cannulas (less than 1.5 mm in diameter) can correct this cosmetic problem totally by local anesthesia and with virtually no scars.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Jowls<\/h3>\r\n<p> Jowls represent a small focal accumulation of fat on the lower cheek overlying the jaw bone. Prominent jowls make a person look old and are a cosmetic concern for both women and men. Accumulated fat in the jowls is best treated by tumescent liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Liposuction and Wrinkle Removal<\/h3>\r\n<p> Liposuction does not eliminate facial wrinkles, but there are modern cosmetic facial resurfacing techniques that do. Facial wrinkles, blotchy pigmentation, and acne scars can all be treated by any one of several techniques including CO2 laser resurfacing, chemical peel, dermabrasion, or a combination of these techniques. A combination of liposuction plus wrinkle removal can often provide a better overall cosmetic improvement than a facelift.<\/p>\r\n<h3> CO2 Laser<\/h3>\r\n<p> CO2 laser is popularly used to resurface the facial skin removing wrinkles, and tightening loose skin around the eyes. The depth of penetration of the laser into the skin can be controlled with great precision. The cosmetic improvement is typically quite dramatic.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Chemical Peels<\/h3>\r\n<p> Chemical peels involve the application of a dilute chemical solution to the face producing an injury to the superficial layers of the skin. An experienced surgeon can use different chemicals and different concentrations of the chemical to achieve a desired result. Superficial chemical peels that remove only the most superficial layers of skin, heal quickly, and are used to remove blotchy pigmentation. Intermediate chemical peels can remove fine wrinkles as well as blotchy pigmentation. Deep peels can remove deep wrinkles and provide results that are comparable to the maximum effects of a CO2 laser.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Dermabrasion<\/h3>\r\n<p> This is a surgical technique that uses a diamond-coated disc to literally sand-off the superficial layer of the skin. True dermabrasion is associated with some bleeding, requires good anesthesia, and can provide dramatic cosmetic improvement of facial wrinkles. The term &quot;micro-dermabrasion&quot; refers to an ineffective technique that only provides temporary feeling of smoothness, and does not improve deep wrinkles. This old fashioned dermabrasion using tumescent local anesthesia is probably the most successful technique for eliminating deep wrinkles on the upper lip. The success of dermabrasion depends on a high degree of surgical skill. Some cosmetic surgeons do not have experience in doing dermabrasion. Lip wrinkles which are not too deep can also be treated by laser resurfacing.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Platysma Bands<\/h3>\r\n<p> Platysma Bands are prominent vertical folds of skin on the front of the neck that develop in older patients. Platysma bands contain loose folds of superficial muscles as well as fat. Tumescent liposuction may improve the appearance of platysma bands. In addition, the platysma muscles can be tightened at the time of liposuction with the use of local anesthesia by making a tiny incision under the chin and using sutures to tie the muscles together.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Postoperative Dressing<\/h3>\r\n<p> The tiny incisions used for liposuction of the neck and face do not require sutures. Not closing incisions with sutures and allowing open drainage of the blood-tinged anesthetic solution minimizes postoperative bruising and edema. Absorptive pads are applied to absorb the drainage and are held in place by an elastic compression garment. An elastic compression garment is worn after liposuction of face and neck during the first 18 to 36 hours after surgery. As soon as the drainage has ceased, a compression garment is no longer necessary. In the old days of liposuction, surgeons required that patients wear a compression garment for two to six weeks, but there is no evidence that this prolonged compression provides any benefit.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_flanks-male":"Flanks, Male -  Liposuction.com","page_content_flanks-male":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Flanks, Male<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p> The male flanks, also known as love-handles, are located just above the crest of the hip bone. In the female the identical anatomic area is called the waist. The male flanks are a localized accumulation of fat that bulges over the belt-line in a most unflattering fashion and is accentuated by a pair of pants with a tight belt. When viewed from behind, the bulging male flanks appear bigger because the largest bulk of the male flank tends to be located toward the back.<\/p>\r\n<h3> The Female Flanks<\/h3>\r\n<p> In the female, the area of the below the bra strap, the back below the shoulder-blades is commonly designated as the female flank. This area in the female is a common target for liposuction in women who are at least somewhat over weight. The same area on a male figure is rarely targeted for liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3> The Male Belt-line<\/h3>\r\n<p> The location of the &quot;belt line&quot; is one of the most characteristic features that distinguish the silhouettes of the male and female torsos. In men the belt line is below the rim of the hip bone, whereas in women the belt line is above the hips and the rim of the hip bone and just below the lower margin of the ribs.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Insufficient Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Liposuction of the male flanks with the patient lying on his back does not allow sufficient access to the fat on the posterior flank, and the area is often insufficiently treated. This situation arises most often when general anesthesia is used. Under general anesthesia, with a breathing-tube inserted into the trachea or wind-pipe, it is safest to have the patient positioned lying on the back. Rolling a liposuction patient onto his side can be done but it is risky because changing position might dislodge the breathing-tube and impair oxygen delivery. When doing liposuction totally by local anesthesia the problem of changing the patient&#39;s position does not exist. One merely asks the patient to roll over on his side.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Post-liposuction Open Drainage<\/h3>\r\n<p> This is a technique of not closing liposuction incision sites with sutures. With open-drainage, the incisions are left open which allows maximum drainage of blood-tinged solution of local anesthetic fluid, which in turn reduces post-operative swelling, and bruising. After liposuction of the male flanks, patients wear absorptive pads to accommodate the open drainage. With open drainage there is no need to wear an elastic compression garment for a prolonged time.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Post-liposuction Compression<\/h3>\r\n<p> Post-liposuction compression of the male flanks is usually accomplished with the use of elastic binders. Elastic torso binders may be either 15 cm (6 inch) or a 22.5 cm (9 inch) wide. Using paper tape absorptive pads are held in place over the multiple small incision or adits and then the elastic binders are applied. Usually the use of two binders, one on top of the other, provides optimal compression and comfort.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Fibrous Fat<\/h3>\r\n<p> The fibrous tissue content in the fat of males is greater and is more difficult to remove by liposuction compared to fat of females. Liposuction of fibrous fat is much easier with the use of microcannulas (outside diameter less than 2.8 mm) than with larger cannula. In the past some surgeons have advocated the use of ultrasonic cannulas to do liposuction in fibrous fat, but ultrasonic liposuction has been largely abandoned because of its high rate of complications.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_inner-thighs":"Inner Thighs -  Liposuction.com","page_content_inner-thighs":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Inner Thighs<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p> The inner thigh area is a common area of concern among women who seek liposuction. Inner thigh liposuction can significantly improve the silhouette of the thigh and reduce the rubbing together of the inner thighs. Ideally, there should be no significant lumpiness or irregularity of shape, and no visible evidence of a surgical procedure. Occasionally a male patient will request liposuction of the upper inner thigh.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Inner Thighs and Inner Knees<\/h3>\r\n<p> Inner thighs and inner knees are often treated at the same time. Most women who seek liposuction of the thighs have fat that extends continuously over the entire extent of the inner thigh and knee. Treating the inner thigh and inner knee as separate areas can result in unevenness at the intervening area where no liposuction is done. When liposuction of both the inner thigh and knee areas is needed, then liposuction over the entire combined area permits more complete liposuction with smoother results.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Cannula Size Counts<\/h3>\r\n<p> Smooth results following liposuction of the inner thigh is largely dependent upon the size (diameter) of the liposuction cannula. Large cannulas tend to cause surface irregularities. Fat of the inner thighs contains little fibrous tissue and has a soft jelly-like quality, and it is easily and rapidly liposuctioned. If large cannulas are used or if liposuction is not done carefully, then localized areas of excessive liposuction may result. The use of microcannulas (outside diameter between 1.5 and 2.8 mm) permits liposuction of fat in small incremental amounts. With careful and continuous attention to detail, one can consistently achieve exceptionally smooth results.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Incomplete Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Liposuction of the inner thighs with the patient lying on her back does not allow sufficient access to the fat on the posterior portion of the inner thighs which therefore is often insufficiently treated. This situation arises most often when general anesthesia is used. Under general anesthesia, with a breathing-tube inserted into the trachea or wind-pipe, it is safest to have the patient positioned lying on the back. Rolling a liposuction patient onto her side is risky because changing position might dislodge the breathing-tube and impair oxygen delivery. Attempting to treat the entire inner thigh with the patient on her back often results in inadequate fat removal from the posterior inner thigh.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Skin Elasticity<\/h3>\r\n<p> Women who have prominent inner thigh fat and good skin elasticity can expect excellent results following liposuction. When the medial thigh skin is excessively wrinkled and crepey, liposuction may not provide a satisfactory degree of improvement. In older women, and especially in women who have lost a considerable amount of weight, the skin overlying the anterior portion of the inner thigh tends to be wrinkled. Liposuction will not improve this wrinkled appearance. In fact liposuction may worsen the degree of wrinkling. Prospective patients whose anterior inner thighs already show some degree of wrinkling should be informed that liposuction may be expected to improve the shape of the thigh while at the same time exacerbate the wrinkled appearance of the skin.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Alternative Surgical Procedures<\/h3>\r\n<p> For a woman who cannot tolerate her extensive wrinkling of the inner thigh, there is the option of a surgical thigh lift. Most women are often disappointed by the aesthetic results of an inner thigh lift. They find the scaring associated with a medial thigh lift to be worse than the wrinkling. For patients with marked wrinkling, and only a minimal amount of medial thigh fat, the most reasonable option might simply be no surgical treatment.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Postoperative<\/h3>\r\n<p> Postoperative care for the inner thighs or knees is simple and designed so that most patients can change dressings easily, and without assistance. The recovery period is quite rapid provided that the surgeon has done some liposuction via an incision placed along the most dependent margin of the treated area, and that this incision has not been sutured. Having thus guaranteed maximum drainage of the blood-tinged anesthetic solution, one need only apply adequate absorptive padding and moderately firm compression. With multiple open incisions, or adits, the drainage usually ceases within 36 to 48 hours. Many women choose to wear the garments beyond the minimum time because of the comfort and security provided by the garments.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_legs-ankles":"Legs and Ankles -  Liposuction.com","page_content_legs-ankles":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Legs and Ankles<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3> Leg Fat is Different<\/h3>\r\n<p> The distribution and proportion of localized fat on female legs and ankles is genetically predetermined. Women who have a disproportionate and displeasing distribution of fat on their legs often find that this fat is resistant to diet and exercise.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Leg Fat is Superficial<\/h3>\r\n<p> The fat on the legs and ankles is composed mainly of relatively superficial fat. There are no deep compartments of fat on the leg and ankles. Consequently, liposuction of the legs is necessarily done rather superficially and has an increased risk of injury to the subdermal vascular plexus. Because of the effects of gravity, the veins in the legs and ankles are especially susceptible to the long-term effects of vascular injury.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Danger Zone<\/h3>\r\n<p> The area behind the knee (popliteal fossa) contains important nerves and blood vessels that are vulnerable to injury by a liposuction cannula. Liposuction in this area should never be attempted.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Care After Liposuction of the Legs<\/h3>\r\n<p> After liposuction of the legs or ankles, persistent swelling of the ankles and feet can be an annoying problem without the use of the technique of &quot;open-drainage&quot;. With open-drainage (incisions are not closed with stitches) postoperative swelling is minimal and resolves within a few days.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Open-Drainage<\/h3>\r\n<p> Open drainage after liposuction requires that the surgeon make several tiny &quot;adits&quot; (1mm to 1.5 mm round holes in the skin) on the lower leg and ankles. Adits encourage complete drainage of residual blood-tinged tumescent anesthetic solution, which in turn dramatically reduces swelling and bruising. Absorbent pads, placed over the adits and held in place by elastic compression bandages, will catch the drainage. This open-drainage technique can eliminate the problem of persistent swelling and bruising.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Walking is Helpful<\/h3>\r\n<p> Patients should be encouraged to walk during the first few days following surgery. Walking will encourage drainage and minimize swelling. Bed rest and leg elevation are not necessary if the surgeon utilizes the technique of &quot;open drainage&quot;.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Excessive Liposuction of Legs and Ankles<\/h3>\r\n<p> It would be a mistake to attempt to remove every last bit of fat from the legs and ankles. Overly aggressive liposuction of the legs risks injury to blood vessels. An attempt to remove all the fat will yield some areas where the skin is directly adherent to the muscle, and other areas where there are thin collections of fat. In this situation, if the patient subsequently gains weight, areas with residual fat will increase in size, and areas without fat will not change. The overall effect will be an accentuation of any irregularities producing an increasing lumpiness and bumpiness. The goal of liposuction of the legs or ankles should be an aesthetically pleasing and natural looking result. Excessive liposuction should be avoided.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_outer-thighs":"Outer Thighs -  Liposuction.com","page_content_outer-thighs":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Outer Thighs<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p> Fat on female thighs and hips is largely determined by inherited genetics, and it is often resistant to exercise and dieting. For some women, the lack of visible improvement in the shape or size despite vigorous exercise can be a nightmare. Fat thighs tend to convey an image of maturity, an inactive life style, and self-conscious embarrassment. In contrast, long slender thighs suggest youth, athleticism, and vitality. For many women, liposuction of the thighs means they will look better in their clothes, and they no longer need to feel self-conscious when wearing a bathing suit.<\/p>\r\n<h3> The Two-Body Syndrome<\/h3>\r\n<p> Thighs can be so large that when a woman is buying clothing, she is forced to buy different sized tops and bottoms in order to properly fit the upper and lower body. For women with this &quot;two-body syndrome&quot; liposuction is a dream come true.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Don&#39;t Forget the Hips<\/h3>\r\n<p> For the purposes of liposuction, the outer thigh should be grouped together with the inferior lateral buttock, and the upper posterior thigh. If the liposuction surgeon only treats the outer thigh, and ignores the excessive fat in the inferior buttock and the upper posterior thigh, then the result may be disproportionate and cosmetically displeasing. Although a woman might regard her thighs as her biggest problem, optimal cosmetic results may also require liposuction of the hips.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Effects of Age<\/h3>\r\n<p> The shape of the outer thigh and buttock can change with age. It is probably attributable to an age related increased gluteal weight, and loss of tissue elasticity. Thus older women may require a small amount of liposuction of the inferior outer buttocks.<\/p>\r\n<h3> The Banana-Shaped Bulge<\/h3>\r\n<p> The prominent banana-shaped bulge of fat on the upper posterior thigh immediately below the buttock is often regarded as a cosmetic &quot;defect.&quot; When attempting to treat this banana-shaped bulge by liposuction, it is very easy for the surgeon to do too much liposuction and create an extra horizontal infra-gluteal crease. Such a double crease beneath the buttock can be avoided by treating a banana-shaped bulge in two stages. During the first liposuction, only fifty percent of the estimated amount of required-liposuction should be done. Several months later, when the results of the first liposuction are apparent, one can decide if an additional &quot;touch-up&quot; in the area is required. It is always better to do too little liposuction the first time, rather than too much.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Inferior Buttock Crease<\/h3>\r\n<p> Some women do not have a prominent crease between the buttock and the posterior thigh. When this crease is present, it is the result of fibrous tissue that connects skin to muscles. The crease cannot be artificially created by liposuction. When a liposuction surgeon attempts to create such a crease, there is a significant risk of removing too much fat and creating a permanent deformity that looks unnatural.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Improved Healing<\/h3>\r\n<p> Reduced swelling and tenderness, and more rapid healing after liposuction can be achieved using the technique known as open drainage and bimodal compression.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Open Drainage<\/h3>\r\n<p> Open Drainage means that skin incisions are not closed with sutures after liposuction, but instead are left open to encourage drainage of residual blood-tinged tumescent fluid. Open drainage requires placing a few adits , which are tiny (1.5 mm or 2.0 mm) round openings in the skin made by skin biopsy punches. Specially designed super absorbent pads are placed over the adits to absorb the drainage, and to uniformly distribute the compression from postoperative garments.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Bimodal Compression<\/h3>\r\n<p> This means the initial use of two specialized compression garments to provide added compression that encourages maximal drainage of blood-tinged tumescent fluid after liposuction. After all drainage has ceased, usually in two to four days, only one compression garment is worn for comfort.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Circumferential Thigh Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p> Circumferential Thigh Liposuction around the entire circumference of the thighs on a single day can produce excessively prolonged healing and swelling. Circumferential liposuction produces circumferential trauma and inflammation with impaired absorption of localized fluids leading to swelling of the leg and foot. This swelling can impair venous drainage from the leg and increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis.<\/p>\r\n<p> In order to minimize postoperative swelling and pain, circumferential thigh liposuction should be done as a two-stage procedure done on two different days at least a month apart. For example, one might initially do liposuction the hips and outer thigh, then a month later complete the circumferential liposuction by doing the anterior and inner thigh. By separating circumferential thigh liposuction into two surgeries, patients can return to normal activity almost immediately after each procedure, with minimal swelling.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_compression-garments":"Compression Garments -  Liposuction.com","page_content_compression-garments":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Compression Garments<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div>\r\n<p>This page is currently being developed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>For more information please visit<br \/>\r\n<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hksurgical.com\">HKSurgical.com<\/a><\/p>","page_title_drainage":"Adits and Open Drainage -  Liposuction.com","page_content_drainage":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Adits and Open Drainage<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>This page is currently being developed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>For more information please visit<br \/>\r\n<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hksurgical.com\">HKSurgical.com<\/a><\/p>","page_title_instructions":"Post Operative Care Instructions -  Liposuction.com","page_content_instructions":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Post Operative Care Instructions<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3> Going Home<\/h3>\r\n<p> You should not plan to drive yourself home. It is recommended that you have a responsible adult at home with you on the day of surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Diet<\/h3>\r\n<p> If you have had liposuction totally by local anesthesia, you may resume your usual diet immediately. Drink adequate amounts of water, fruit juices or soft drinks to prevent dehydration. Avoid drinking alcoholic beverages for 48 hours before surgery and 48 hours after surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Physical Activity<\/h3>\r\n<p> Quiet rest is recommended for the first few hours immediately after surgery. Do not drive or operate hazardous machinery for 18 hours after surgery. Do not make any important personal decisions for 24 hours after surgery. Later in the day or evening of surgery you may take a short walk if desired. The day after liposuction surgery you should feel well enough to drive your car and engage in light to moderate physical activities. You may carefully resume exercise and vigorous physical activity 2 to 4 days after surgery. It is suggested that you begin with 25% of your normal workout and then increase your daily activity as tolerated. Most people can return to a desk job within one to two days after surgery, although one must expect to be sore and easily fatigued for several days.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Elastic Compression Garments<\/h3>\r\n<p> HK Post-Op Garments are designed specifically for tumescent liposuction. Two HK Over-All garments are worn after tumescent liposuction of the thighs or hips. One HK Torso garment plus an adjustable elastic binder is used after tumescent liposuction of the abdomen, hips, waist, flanks, back, or breasts. These garments are specifically designed to be used with super-absorbent pads and to provide firm compression to encourage maximum drainage of residual blood-tinged anesthetic solution. Beginning the day after surgery, the post-op garments are to be removed daily to permit you to shower and to wash the garments. Two Over-All garments or one Torso garment plus binders should be worn day and night until 24 hours beyond the time when all the drainage has completely stopped. Do not be concerned if you have drainage for several days. Discontinuing the use of the garments and binders too early may result in more prolonged drainage. Typically, patients will need to wear the garments for 3 to 6 days. Some patients, especially after a large amount of liposuction, will have drainage for more than a week. Many patients choose to wear the garments for a greater duration simply because of the comfort the garments provide. Wearing the post-op garment for more than the minimal number of days provides no significant advantage in terms of the ultimate cosmetic results.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Dizziness and Fainting<\/h3>\r\n<p> Patients may experience a brief sensation of dizziness the morning after surgery, when the garments are first removed in order to take a shower. Feeling lightheaded is similar to what you might experience when standing-up too quickly. It is the result of rapid decompression of the legs after the post-op garments are removed. Should dizziness occur, simply sit or lie down until it passes. Dizziness may be prevented be removing the outer compression garment 10 minutes before removing the second garment.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Fainting at the Sight of Blood<\/h3>\r\n<p> Some people have a tendency to faint upon the sight of blood. Such persons should anticipate such a problem when removing blood-tinged absorbent pads when changing dressing after liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Fainting after Urination<\/h3>\r\n<p> On the morning after childbirth a woman has an increased risk of fainting if she stands up too fast immediately after urinating. This is known as post-micturation syncope. A similar situation occurs the morning after liposuction. A liposuction patient should stand up slowly after urinating. In order to avoid a serious injury from a fall, if dizziness does occur, the patient should sit or lie down on the floor immediately. It is recommended that patients not lock their bathroom door so that someone can come to assist if necessary.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Managing Post-Op Drainage<\/h3>\r\n<p> One should expect a large volume of blood-tinged anesthetic solution to drain from the small incisions during the first 24 to 48 hours following tumescent liposuction. In general, the more drainage there is, the less bruising and swelling there will be. For the first 24 to 48 hours, bulky super-absorbent pads are worn overlying the treated areas, and under the compression garments. After most of the drainage has stopped, patients need only place absorbent pads over the incision sites that continue to drain.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Leaks Are Possible<\/h3>\r\n<p> When the super-absorbent HK Pads are properly applied they should absorb all of the drainage. However, leaks beyond the pads can occur. During the first 36 hours, when sitting or lying down, you should place absorbent terrycloth towels beneath you in order to protect your furniture from any unexpected leak of blood-tinged drainage. When there is a large amount of drainage, it is advisable to place a plastic sheet beneath the towel.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Wound Care &amp; Bathing<\/h3>\r\n<p> Keep incisions clean. Shower once or twice daily. First wash your hands, then wash incisions gently with soap and water; afterwards gently pat incisions dry with a clean towel. Apply new absorbent pads. When an incision has ceased draining for more than 24 hours, it no longer needs to covered by pads.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Take Antibiotics<\/h3>\r\n<p> Take Antibiotics as directed until the prescription is finished. Take antibiotics with food. Call our office if you notice signs of infection such as fever, foul smelling drainage, or focal redness, swelling, or pain in a treated area.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Do NOT&#39;s<\/h3>\r\n<p> Do NOT apply ice-packs or a heating pad to skin overlying the areas treated by liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<p> Do NOT apply hydrogen peroxide or plastic Band-Aids to incision sites. Liposuction incision sites heal faster and better without topical antibiotics.<\/p>\r\n<p> Do NOT soak in a bath, Jacuzzi, swimming pool, or the ocean for at least 7 days after surgery in order to minimize the risk of infection.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Nausea<\/h3>\r\n<p> Nausea and vomiting are among the side effects that may be associated with liposuction. Nausea can be caused by antibiotics, lorazepam, or local anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Menstrual Irregularities<\/h3>\r\n<p> Menstrual irregularities may occur for a month or so after liposuction. Premature or delayed onset of monthly menstruation is a possible side effect of any significant surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Temperature Elevation<\/h3>\r\n<p> Slight temperature elevation during the first 48 hours after surgery is a natural consequence of the body&#39;s reaction to surgical trauma.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Inflammation, Swelling<\/h3>\r\n<p> Inflammation, swelling, and soreness are expected consequences of liposuction. Two extra-strength Tylenol should be taken every 4 hours while awake for the first 48 hours to reduce postoperative soreness and inflammation. Discomfort and soreness is worse the second day after surgery, then improves daily.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Avoid Aspirin and Ibuprofen<\/h3>\r\n<p> For 3 days after surgery do not take aspirin or ibuprofen or similar NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as Bufferin, Anacin, Advil or Nuprin. NSAIDS can promote bleeding by impairing platelet function. NSAIDS also depress the immune response to infection by impairing white blood cell function.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Bruising<\/h3>\r\n<p> Bruising is minimal with tumescent liposuction. Nevertheless, the more extensive the liposuction surgery, the more bruising one can expect. Some patients have more of a tendency to bruise than others.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Pain and Swelling<\/h3>\r\n<p> Pain and swelling due to an inflammatory reaction to surgical trauma may occur and increase 5 to 10 days after surgery. Notify your surgeon if there is a dramatic increase in pain or swelling.<\/p>\r\n<h3> Itching<\/h3>\r\n<p> Itching of the treated areas several days after surgery may occur as part of the normal healing process. To help relieve the itching, you may try taking Benadryl as directed on the packaging. Be aware that Benadryl causes drowsiness. You may also try using oatmeal soap. After the 7th postoperative day, provided that the incisions are well healed, you may soak in a bath with an oatmeal bath preparation. Benadryl and oatmeal products may be purchased at most drugstores.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_pads":"Super Absorbent Pads -  Liposuction.com","page_content_pads":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Super Absorbent Pads<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>This page is currently being developed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>For more information please visit<br \/>\r\n<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hksurgical.com\">HKSurgical.com<\/a><\/p>","page_title_common-complications":"Common and Minor Complications -  Liposuction.com","page_content_common-complications":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Common and Minor Complications<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\tMinor Complications<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tA surgical complication is defined as any undesirable result of surgery. Minor complication has little risk that the patient will die. The causes for minor complications include unpredictable factors such as a patient&#39;s wound healing ability, misjudgment by the surgeon, patients&#39; failure to follow instructions, or just bad luck such as an unexpected allergic reaction to a drug. Ultimately any result that produces an unhappy patient, is a complication.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tUnrealistic Expectations<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUnrealistic Expectations are the most frequent source of disappointing liposuction results.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIf a patient has unrealistic expectations before surgery, then it is almost impossible for the surgeon to achieve results that will make the patient happy. To avoid unrealistic expectations surgeons must ask what the patient expects to achieve with liposuction. Surgeons must clearly state how much improvement is likely to be achieved. Patients must honestly state their hopes and expectations with the surgeon. Patients must not expect perfection. It is realistic to expect a significant improvement, but it is unrealistic to expect perfect results. This entire web site is dedicated to providing patients with information so that they can make a well-informed decision about having liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tSkin Irregularities and Depressions<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSignificant irregularities and depressions of the skin are frequently the result of the surgeon&#39;s inattention to detail. For example, if a liposuction surgeon attempts to do too much on a single day, and becomes fatigued, then the result may be inattention to detail, and undesirable cosmetic results. A liposuction cannula is stainless steel tube inserted through an incision in the skin that is employed to suction the fat. The size of the liposuction cannula can influences the smoothness of the skin after liposuction. The use of large cannulas tends to create irregularities more commonly than microcannulas (outside diameter less than 3 millimeters). Surgeons who do total-body liposuctions tend to use larger cannulas.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tFocal Excessive Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tFocal Excessive Liposuction is the removal of an excessive amount of fat from localized area of the body. Removing too much fat yields an unnatural and unattractive appearance. If uneven or irregular excessive liposuction of a single area occurs, it produces depressions (lipotrops) or lumps and bumps (liponots). If smooth or uniform, focal excessive liposuction can appear abnormal and disproportionate. The goal of liposuction is not to remove the maximum amount of fat, but rather to produce an optimal cosmetic improvement and maximize patient happiness. The normal female body has subcutaneous fat. Thus, the complete lack of subcutaneous fat on part of the female body appears abnormal, and feels peculiar to the touch. Patients should not ask for or expect &quot;maximum fat removal&quot;. Dr. Pierre Fournier has said, &quot;It is not the fat that is removed, but the fat that remains after liposuction that determines success.&quot;<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tExcessive Superficial Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tExcessive superficial liposuction can produce significant cosmetic complications. The use of the tumescent technique and microcannulas allows the surgeon to do liposuction more superficially and to produce smoother results than could be done with old-fashioned techniques that used larger cannulas. Some surgeons mistakenly believe that scraping the undersurface of the skin with the liposuction cannula will cause the skin to contract. There is no scientific evidence to support the theory that intentional injury to the skin by doing excessive superficial liposuction produces improved cosmetic results. Excessive superficial liposuction can injure the superficial blood and lymphatic vessels located on the immediate undersurface of the skin resulting in significant complications including scars, lumpiness, permanent irregular coloration, and full thickness necrosis (death) of the overlying skin. Skin naturally contracts after liposuction because 1) skin naturally contains elastic fibers, 2) skin is relieved of the gravitational effect of subcutaneous fat, and 3) liposuction naturally results in contraction of the collagen in subcutaneous fat. Surgeons who advocate superficial liposuction must be careful to avoid excessively superficial liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tErythema Ab Liporaspiration<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tErythema Ab Liporaspiration is a permanent blotchy (net-like pattern) pink-brown discoloration of the skin resulting from rasping the undersurface of the skin during superficial liposuction. Inadvertent or intentional rasping of the undersurface of the skin will injure the superficial vascular network. Unfortunately, there is no treatment for this chronic discoloration. It does not seem to improve with time.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tHematomas and Seromas<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWhole blood consists of red blood cells plus serum (clear yellow fluid). A hematoma is a lake-like collection of whole blood that has leaked out of injured blood vessels and become trapped inside the body. The vasoconstriction produced by the tumescent technique for liposuction has virtually eliminated the occurrence of hematomas. A seroma is a volume of serum that has leaked out of blood vessels and collected as a &quot;lake&quot; of fluid within some part of the body.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tFull Thickness Skin Necrosis<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tFull Thickness Skin Necrosis (death of the affected skin) can result from excessive superficial liposuction that injures the vascular supply of the overlying skin. Deliberate trauma to the undersurface of the skin can injure the vascular supply to the skin and cause partial or full thickness necrosis of the skin. A partial thickness dermal necrosis may become a full thickness necrosis if it is complicated by an infection. Other causes of full thickness dermal necrosis following liposuction include infection (necrotizing fasciitis) , blood vessel thrombosis (clotting inside a blood vessel), injury to blood vessels, and vasculitis (blood vessel inflammation). For example, in patients who have a disease known as cryoglobulinemia (cold-induced blood clots), the application of ice-packs to the skin after liposuction can produce clotting in blood vessels of the skin and full thickness skin necrosis.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tBlisters from Reston Foam<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tReston foam is an adhesive-backed 3\/8 inch thick foam that some surgeons apply to patients&#39; skin to reduce bruising after liposuction. The manufacturer of Reston foam, 3M Corp., has warned against the use of Reston foam for liposuction. Reston foam is not intended to be applied to patients&#39; skin. An allergic reaction to the adhesive on the foam (similar to an allergic reaction to poison oak or poison ivy) can cause blisters and an increased the risk of necrotizing fasciitis, a potentially lethal infection. An allergic reaction of this type can also cause a prolonged discoloration of the affected skin.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tHyperpigmentation of Incision Sites<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAny inflammatory injury of the skin can cause rupture of skin cells containing pigment with release of melanin pigment granules into the surrounding skin. Escaped pigment is regarded as a foreign substance by the body. Scavenger (macrophage) cells ingest this pigment where it can persist a long time causing prolonged hyperpigmentation. In most individuals who have little natural pigmentation in their skin, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation resolves in less than a 4 to 6 months. In people who naturally have darkly pigmented skin, the hyperpigmentation can last for a number of years. Trauma from the friction of a liposuction cannula moving in and out of a skin incision can cause inflammation and hyperpigmentation. Prospective liposuction patients who naturally have darkly pigmented skin must be informed of their increased risk of such pigmentation. In darkly pigmented patients, the surgeon must take extra care to minimizing the number of incisions, and to choose incision sites that are easily covered by clothing or bathing suits.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tFainting (Vasovagal Syncope)<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tFainting or vasovagal syncope is a reflex reaction involving the brain and the heart that produces a sudden brief reduction of blood flow to the brain and loss of consciousness that resolves spontaneously. When a person faints it is usually when they are sitting or standing upright. Events that can trigger a fainting episode include anxiety, pain, or even the sight of blood. Fainting can occur before, or after any surgical procedure, and even during surgery if the surgery is done under local anesthesia. For example one patient fainted prior to liposuction while the surgeon was taking preoperative photographs. Another example involved the husband of a liposuction patient. While helping his wife change her dressing the morning after liposuction, the husband fainted at the mere sight of the blood-tinged absorptive pads, and immediately afterwards, the wife also fainted at the sight of her fainted husband. Head or neck trauma resulting from a fall is the greatest risk associated with fainting.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tVasovagal Symptoms<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tVasovagal Symptoms in the O.R. Fainting (loss of consciousness) is unusual in the operating room (O.R.) when the patient lying flat. Instead, an awake patients who starts to faint will linger on the verge of fainting with vasovagal symptoms that include lightheadedness, cold sweats, and nausea or vomiting. Vasovagal symptoms typically occur in predisposed individuals who have a history of fainting or becoming dizzy or lightheaded at the sight of blood or at the thought of a medical procedure.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tVasovagal Near-Syncope Syndrome<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn the operating room setting during tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia, true syncope is unusual. However, the syndrome of vasovagal near-syncope (light-headedness, cold-sweats with nausea or vomiting) is not uncommon and represents the early phase of fainting that simply stops short of the complete loss of consciousness. The first hint of the syndrome is typically a vague sensation of feeling queasy and lightheaded. Shortly thereafter, the patient&#39;s skin will appear ashen or pale, with damp, moist, clammy skin, perhaps with visible beaded perspiration, and dilation of pupils. Within a few brief moments, the patient experiences a slow heart rate and low blood pressure. Although vasovagal near-syncope is not dangerous, it is unpleasant. Treatment consists of a small intravenous dose of atropine (0.5 mg) after which the patient soon feels dramatically better.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPreventing Vasovagal Syndrome in the Operating Room<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIf a patient has previously experienced sudden lightheadedness or fainting for any reason, for example when having blood taken for a laboratory test, then he or she has a predisposition for the vasovagal syndrome. The vasovagal syndrome in the operating room can be prevented by giving 0.3 mg of atropine intravenously immediately prior to surgery. Every patient who is scheduled to have liposuction totally by local anesthesia should be asked the question, &quot;Have you ever fainted or suddenly become light-headed for any reason?&quot;<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPost-Liposuction Syncope at Home<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPost-liposuction lightheadedness and fainting most commonly occurs after urinating the morning after liposuction. Fainting after urination is called post-micturition syncope that occurs commonly in postpartum women the morning after childbirth upon standing up immediately after urination. Other stimuli that can trigger a fainting episode after liposuction include: 1) the sight of the blood-tinged anesthetic drainage on the absorptive pads, and 2) decompression of the lower extremities upon removal of postoperative compression garments. For at least 24 hours after tumescent liposuction, patients are generally in a state of mild fluid overload due to all the tumescent fluid remaining in the patient&#39;s system. Except in cases of excessive liposuction, it is unlikely that post-liposuction syncope is caused by a deficiency of intra-vascular fluids.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPreventing Post-Liposuction Syncope<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction patients should be aware that fainting can occur at home after liposuction. A few suggestions may help patients prevent injury:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tRemove postoperative compression garments slowly, if possible, with someone&#39;s assistance. If wearing more than one garment or elastic binder, take garments off one at a time, waiting a minute or two between removing successive garments.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tStand up slowly after urinating.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIt is reasonable to have someone in the bathroom for assistance when showering for the first time after liposuction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIf feeling dizzy or lightheaded, immediately sit down or lie down in the shower or on the floor until feeling better.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDo not be alarmed by a large amount of blood-tinged drainage on the absorptive pads; the more drainage, the less bruising and swelling there will be.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDo not remove the garments with a completely empty stomach. To avoid hypoglycemia, which may increase the risk of this post-liposuction fainting, a patient should eat something before removing the garments to take a shower and change the dressings.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tDo not lock the bathroom door when showering or urinating.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tWrong Areas Treated<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMiscommunication between patient and surgeon may lead to confusion about which areas are to be treated. It is important that the patient and surgeon agree on which areas are to be treated by liposuction, and that this agreement be put in writing so that there is no confusion. This is especially important if the surgeon who does the consultation is not the same surgeon who does the liposuction. It is also important if liposuction is done under general anesthesia, because the patient will not be able to alert the surgeon who is about to treat the wrong area. Patients must insist that the areas to be treated are listed in writing.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tInsufficient Volume of Fat Removed can be a complaint after liposuction. Among the reasons for insufficient removal of fat by liposuction are:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tPatient had unrealistic expectations. It is unrealistic for a patient to expect perfection. On the other hand, it is reasonable to expect a significant improvement.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tSurgeon wanted to avoid doing too much liposuction. If too much fat has been removed, it is very difficult to repair the situation. Other the other hand, if the initial liposuction was insufficient, it is relatively easy to return to have a little more liposuction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tSurgeon is in a hurry, and does not spend enough time to carefully complete each area. This unacceptable situation might be avoided by not attempting to do an excessive amount of liposuction on a single day, and by not doing other unrelated surgical procedures on the same day as liposuction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tSurgeon did not use microcannulas and is fearful of causing irregularities. It is more difficult to get smooth results when large cannulas are used. Using microcannulas (less than 3 mm in outside diameter) for liposuction can require a little more time than using larger cannulas, but microcannulas permit both the removal of more fat and smoother results.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tMinor Superficial Irregularities<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDents, waviness, lumpiness and furrows can occur after any liposuction. These can usually be repaired with a minor &quot;touch-up&quot; liposuction procedure. Although perfectly smooth results can be achieved in some patients, it is not realist for every patient to expect absolute smoothness. It is reasonable for every patient to expect that liposuction will provide both a significant cosmetic improvement, and that eventually there will be almost no visible scars or irregularities that provide evidence that the patient has had liposuction. A lipotrop is the excessive and uneven removal of fat that results in depressions, dimples, and grooves in the skin. The lipotrop is the most common undesirable effect of liposuction. A liponot is a focal area of insufficient or uneven liposuction (note to web master: hyperlink to Glossary of Terms).<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tTemporary Lumpiness<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tTemporary lumpiness and bumpiness is common after liposuction. This condition becomes noticeable within one to two weeks after surgery and becomes most pronounced between two to four weeks after surgery. This temporary lumpiness is the result of the normal healing process after liposuction. The intensity and duration of this condition can be minimized using open-drainage and bimodal-compression.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPost-Liposuction Panniculitis<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPost-Liposuction Panniculitis is a manifestation of postoperative inflammation due to incomplete drainage of blood-tinged tumescent anesthetic solution and the formation of small seromas. Seromas have become rare with the use of open-drainage and bimodal-compression. Patients typically complain of localized warmth, swelling and tenderness. There is often visible redness overlying the affected area. The onset occurs after the drainage of blood-tinged anesthetic solution has ceased. It is important that the surgeon distinguish between Post-liposuction panniculitis and an infection. Post-liposuction panniculitis is often preventable by using adits, open-drainage and bimodal-compression. Post-liposuction panniculitis is more common when incisions are closed with sutures thus preventing complete drainage and entrapping the inflammatory blood-tinged anesthetic solution beneath the skin.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tSwelling<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSwelling of the Legs and Ankles can occur following liposuction on any part of the lower extremity. This swelling is usually mild to moderate in degree. There is an increased risk of prolonged swelling when liposuction of the entire circumference of either the leg or the thigh is attempted on a single day. Placing sutures in liposuction incision sites promotes and prolongs this swelling. The incidence of distal edema is greatly reduced by using open-drainage and bimodal-compression, and avoiding circumferential liposuction of the thigh or leg.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tBruising<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tBruising and Swelling of the Genitals in both males and females can occur following liposuction of the abdomen and is the result of blood-tinged fluid percolating downward under the effect of gravity. This bruising and swelling of the genitals is common after abdominal liposuction, and it usually resolves within two to three days. The use of 2 mm adits placed along the inferior border of the abdomen and the use of a good elastic compression garment can reduce the risk of this condition.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPostoperative Bruising<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPostoperative bruising is a common result of liposuction. The use of the tumescent technique for liposuction has dramatically reduced the amount of bruising and the duration of bruising. The degree of bruising can vary between patients due to a number of factors including genetic differences in the coagulation system and exposure to substances that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ibuprofen, Nuprin, red wine, large quantities of garlic, or vitamin E taken with 7 to 10 days before surgery. Bruising, swelling, discomfort, and tenderness after liposuction can be minimized by using postoperative care techniques that include open-drainage and bimodal-compression.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tRapid Heart Rate<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tRapid heart rate can occur during or after liposuction as a result of the epinephrine (adrenalin) that is an essential ingredient of the tumescent local anesthetic solution. Rapid heart rate can also be caused by medications containing ephedrine-like drugs often found in nasal decongestants such as Sudafed or pseudoephedrine. Patients should avoid ephedrine-like drugs before tumescent liposuction. The anti-hypertension medication clonidine, 0.1 mg by mouth, given immediately preoperatively, reduces the risk of rapid heart rate and also provides a degree of sedation without the risk of respiratory depression.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tVascular Injury and Excessive Bleeding<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tVascular injury and excessive bleeding are rarely caused by liposuction with the use of microcannulas. Good postoperative compression for the first 24 hours postoperatively should preclude any significant bleeding from veins. Exceptions may be the result of drugs that impair blood clotting mechanisms by interfering with platelet function. Drugs that increase bleeding include aspirin, ibuprofen, other NSAIDS, vitamin E, red wines, large doses of garlic supplements. Diabetic patients are known to have an increased incidence of small vessel insufficiency that might predispose them to local tissue or skin necrosis following an otherwise insignificant injury to a blood vessel. Ultrasonic liposuction has been known to cause dangerous injury to major arteries. See Risks of Ultrasonic Liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tWorry About Blood-Tinged Drainage<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPatients are told that open-drainage and bimodal-compression are specifically designed to encourage copious postoperative drainage. The larger the volume of postoperative drainage, the shorter will be the duration of postoperative healing and soreness. Despite these careful explanations, some patients will inevitably become overly concerned that the drainage of very dilute blood-tinged anesthetic solution is actually a hemorrhage of whole blood. The resulting telephone call from a concerned patient or spouse requires careful evaluation and consideration. Usually careful questioning, evaluation and reassurance will be sufficient. Nevertheless, some patients will require an examination by either the surgeon or an experienced staff nurse. Another source of worry for liposuction patients is the concern that there is not enough drainage. In this case, the patient is worried that insufficient drainage of blood-tinged anesthetic solution will result in excessive swelling or delayed healing. This concern is usually unfounded. In any case, there is no serious long-term consequence of less-than-maximal drainage. Simple reassurance should calm the patient&#39;s concerns.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_drugs-to-avoid":"Drugs that Increase Bleeding -  Liposuction.com","page_content_drugs-to-avoid":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Drugs That Increase Bleeding<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tThe following list of drugs includes many, but not all, drugs that can impair normal clotting mechanisms. For example Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, bind to blood platelets and impair platelet during blood coagulation. Red wine and vitamin E also impair clotting. Coumadin (warfarin), which impairs clotting by competing with vitamin K, is given to patients who have a illness that causes excessive clotting. It is important that these drugs be avoided before liposuction surgery.<\/p>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"2\" width=\"100%\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tAdvil<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAleve<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAlcohol<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAlka Seltzer<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAmigesic<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAnacin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAnaprox<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAnaproxin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAnsaid<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAPC<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tArgesic<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tArthra G<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tArthropan<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tA.S.A.<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAscodeen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAscriptin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAspergum<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tAspirin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tBC Powder<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tBaby Aspirin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tBayer<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tBrufen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tBufferin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tButazolidin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tCephalgesic<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tCheracol Caps<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tChildren&#39;s Aspirin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tcholine salicylate<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tClinoril<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tCongesprin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tCope<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tCoricidin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tcorticosteroids<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tCoumadin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tDarvon ASA<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tDarvon Compound<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tDaypro<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tDepakote<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tdexamethasone<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tdiclofenac<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tdipyridamole<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tDisalcid<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tdivalproex<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tDoan&#39;s Pills<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tDolobid<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tDristan<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tEasprin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tEcotrin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tEmpirin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tEmprazil<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tEndodan<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tExcedrin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tFeldene<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tfenoprofen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tfeverfew<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tFiorinal<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tflurbiprofen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tFroben<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t4-Way Cold Tabs<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Garlic Capsules<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tGelpirin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tGenpril<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tGenprin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tGinko Biloba<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tGoody&#39;s Body<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tPain<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tHaltran<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tHalfprin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tIbuprin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tibuprofen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tIbuprohm<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tIndameth<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tIndocin<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tindomethacin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tketoprofen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tketorolac<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tLortab ASA<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tMagan<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tMg sallicylate<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tmeclofenamate<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tMeclofen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tMedipren<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tmefenamic<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tMenadob<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tMidol<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tMobidin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tMonogesic<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tMotrin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tnabumetone<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tNalfon<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tNaprosyn<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tnaproxen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tNorgesic<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tNorwich Ex.Str.<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tNuprin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tOcufen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tOrudis<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tOruvail<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\toxyphenbutazone<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tOxybutazone<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\toxyprozin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tPamprin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tPepto-bismal<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tPercodan<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tPersantine<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tPhenaphen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tPhenylbutazone<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tpiroxicam<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tPonstel<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tPrednisone<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tQuagesic<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tRed Wine<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tRelafen<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tRexolate<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tRobasissal<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tRoxiprin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tRufin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tSaleto<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tSalflex<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tsalsalate<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tSalsitab<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tSine Off<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tSine Aid<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tNa thiosalicylate<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tSoma Compound<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tsulindac<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tSynalgos DC<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tTanacetum<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;parthenium=<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(feverfew)<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tTolectin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\ttolmetin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tToradol<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tTrandate<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tTrendan<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tTrental<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tTrigesic<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tTrilisate<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tTusal<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tVanquish<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tVitamin E<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tVoltaren<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tWarfarin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\twillow bark<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tZactrin<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\tZorprin<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n","page_title_excessive-liposuction":"Excessive Liposuction -  Liposuction.com","page_content_excessive-liposuction":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Excessive Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tFactors that increase the dangers of liposuction include 1) lack of good judgment in patient selection, 2) excessive duration and intensity of exposure to anesthesia, 3) excessive amounts of surgical trauma per month, and 4) ineffective post-liposuction care.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tWhat is Too Much Liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tExcessive amounts of surgical trauma can be regarded as toxic to patients. Increasing doses of liposuction-induced surgical trauma produce increasing risks of toxicity in the form of surgical complications. It is not possible to precisely identify the threshold for dangerous amounts of liposuction. However, one can be certain that removing 6 to 9 liters of fat on one day is many times more dangerous than removing 2 to 3 liters of fat on each of three separate surgeries spaced at least one month apart. Liposuction of 5% of the body&#39;s subcutaneous surface area is obviously safer than liposuction of 40% of the body surface area. Cosmetic surgery is not emergency surgery, liposuction patients should not be exposed unnecessary risks of excessive liposuction on a single day.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tExcessive liposuction is not safe. This patient had too much liposuction on a single day resulting in gross irregularities of the skin. The goal of liposuction should not be to remove the maximum amount of fat, but rather to achieve the best cosmetic results. Mega liposuction is never necessary and often it is dangerous.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tExcessive Liposuction is Difficult to Define<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tExcessive liposuction might be defined as a volume of liposuction that is excessively dangerous. The designation of excessive liposuction often depends on the size and health of the patient. Removing 1 liter (2.2 pounds) of fat by liposuction might be excessive in a patient weighing 50 kg (110 pounds). On the other hand, removing 4 liters (9 pounds) of fat in one procedure might not be excessive in a 100 kg (220 pound) patient. There is no clear cut dividing line between to the amount of liposuction that can be considered safe and an amount of liposuction that is too dangerous. Patients and surgeons must use common sense.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tToxic Dose of Liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIncreasing doses of a toxin can be expected to produce increasing risks of a toxic response. Drinking a very small amount of alcohol usually has no detectable effect. Increasing doses of alcohol first produce a mild subjective effect, then mild intoxication (inebriation), followed by moderate intoxication (drunkenness), and dangerous intoxication (unconsciousness, coma, death). The severity of a skin burn can be measured as a percentage of the body-surface area that is burnt. The probability of death increases with increasing percentage of body-surface area that is burnt. Similarly, an increasing amount of liposuction trauma (increasing percentage of body-surface area subjected to liposuction) increases the risk of unconsciousness, coma, and death.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tSmall Monthly Doses are Safer<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDrinking a moderate amount of alcohol on three separate occasions at least a month apart is not as dangerous as drinking three times that amount on one occasion. Similarly doing a moderate amount of liposuction on three separate occasions at least a month apart is not as dangerous as doing three times that amount of liposuction on a single occasion.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tTumescence for the Wrong Reasons<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tTumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia was invented to improve patient safety. However, some surgeons and anesthesiologists use the tumescent technique in order to maximize the volume of fat removed during a single surgery. Liposuction of 5 liters or more of fat in a single liposuction procedure is overly aggressive, and potentially life threatening.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tAbility to Survive Trauma has Limits<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe body cannot tolerate an unlimited amount of trauma. Increasing degrees of liposuction-associated trauma produce increasing degrees of tissue injury and blood coagulation. Eventually, there is either excessive bleeding or excessive clotting and then death. Excessive liposuction is also associated with prolonged recovery, and disappointing cosmetic results.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tToo Many Unrelated Surgical Procedures<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe risk of complications is greatly increased by combining liposuction with multiple unrelated surgical procedures such as facelift, breast surgery, nose surgery, or laser surgery. The combination of an intra-abdominal gynecologic surgery and abdominal liposuction is also very dangerous. This risk of complications when a patient has multiple unrelated surgical procedures explains why non-cosmetic surgeries are rarely combined. Because of the fear of complications, surgeons do not expose patients to the risks of simultaneous but unrelated therapeutic surgeries such as gallbladder surgery, hip surgery, and colonoscopy. The risks associated with having multiple cosmetic procedures including liposuction on the same day may often out weigh the benefits of having only one convalescent period. Liposuction is probably the safest of all cosmetic surgery procedures provided that it is not combined with other unrelated surgical procedures.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tMega-liposuction<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMega-liposuction is defined as the liposuction of a huge volume of fat on a single day. The volume of fat that is generally regarded as huge is about 8 liters (two gallons). Because patients have died as a result of mega-liposuction, it cannot be regarded as safe. Even in a hospital setting, mega-liposuction should be regarded as a dangerous experimental procedure. Mega-liposuction is associated with mega-complications. Serial liposuction procedures on separate days are far safer than a single heroic mega-liposuction procedure.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tUtilitarian Definition of &quot;Too Much Liposuction&quot;<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIf nausea, vomiting, excessive pain, bruising and swelling occur regularly after liposuction, then perhaps that surgeon regularly does too much liposuction. If a liposuction surgeon cannot expect all patients to be ambulatory within 30 to 60 minutes after surgery, then perhaps the amount of liposuction and anesthesia are excessive. Liposuction might be excessive if 1) pain regularly confines patients to bed for more than 24 hours, 2) nausea regularly prevents patients from eating a normal meal soon after surgery, or 3) discomfort regularly prevents the return to desk-type work within one to two days after surgery.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_rare-complications":"Rare and Severe Complications -  Liposuction.com","page_content_rare-complications":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Rare and Severe Complications<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\tAnesthesia can be Dangerous<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tComplications due to anesthesia are rare. Both local anesthesia and systemic anesthesia, which includes general anesthesia and heavy intravenous (IV) sedation, can be dangerous if used by physicians who are not familiar with the pharmacology of tumescent local anesthesia or who are not adequately trained in the use of general anesthesia or intravenous sedation.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tLocal Anesthesia can be Dangerous<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLocal anesthesia can be dangerous if the surgeon exceeds well-recognized maximum recommended dosages of the local anesthetic lidocaine. Although lidocaine toxicity is rare, it is most likely to occur if the patient is also taking a drug that interacts with lidocaine by blocking the liver enzyme CYP3A4 that metabolizes lidocaine. See lidocaine metabolism for a list of drugs that can interact with lidocaine. All liposuction surgeons should be aware of the list drugs that can increase the toxicity of lidocaine. Lidocaine is the safest of all local anesthetic drugs. Other local anesthetic drugs such as bupivocaine (Marcaine) are too dangerous to be used for liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tSystemic Anesthesia can be More Dangerous<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSystemic anesthesia can be more dangerous than local anesthesia. Any exposure of patients to drugs that suppress breathing or interfere with protective airway reflexes will increase the risk of complications. The safe use of dangerous systemic anesthesia requires a trained anesthesiologist. Nevertheless, the presence of an anesthesiologist is not a guarantee for safety if general anesthesia is used in order to permit excessive amounts of liposuction. Other anesthesia-related issues include unexpected drug reactions, incorrect dosages, and injury form malfunctioning anesthesia equipment.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tBlood Clots<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tBlood clots in the legs are associated with prolonged surgery and excessive surgical trauma. A blood clot in the legs can be fatal if it travels from the legs to the lungs. The occurrence of blood clots in the legs or in the lungs after liposuction is far more common with general anesthesia than with local anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tInjury of Abdominal Organs<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tInjury of abdominal organs following penetration of the abdominal cavity by a liposuction cannula can be life-threatening if the injury is not promptly diagnosed and treated. Under local anesthesia, this type of injury is rare because liposuction is done with finesse and gentleness. Under general anesthesia, surgeons tend to use larger cannulas and attempt to do liposuction with the greatest possible speed rather than the greatest possible finesse, and as a consequence, intrabdominal injury is more common under general anesthesia. Under local anesthesia, such a liposuction injury would be so painful that it would be diagnosed immediately, however, under general anesthesia, this type of injury is often missed until after infection and bleeding has progressed for many hours. It is very dangerous to combine gynecologic surgery and abdominal liposuction which would create an increased risk of intra-abdominal injury.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tExcessive IV Fluids<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tExcessive IV Fluids can cause total body fluid overload. Pulmonary edema occurs when too much fluid collects. Extreme pulmonary edema has occurred in patients who were given excessive amounts of intravenous (IV) fluids following overly aggressive liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tExcessive Blood Loss<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tExcessive blood loss has been associated with old-fashioned liposuction techniques that were used before the invention of the tumescent technique. Hypovolemia (an inadequate volume of fluid in the body&#39;s blood vessels) is a common consequence of excessively large volumes of liposuction. A hematoma is a collection of blood that occurs as a result of internal bleeding. Hematomas are more likely to occur in patients who take medications such as aspirin or ibuprofen which impair normal clotting mechanisms.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tHypothermia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tHypothermia, which occurs when there is a dangerous fall in the body&#39;s temperature, can cause fatal cardiac problems. Hypothermia can result from the use of systemic anesthesia. It can also occur if the surgeon uses a chilled solution of tumescent local anesthesia, instead of the recommended use of a solution that is warmed to body temperature.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tInfections<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tInfections related to liposuction are quite rare but can occur with either local anesthesia or general anesthesia. There is an infection by an organism known as &quot;rapid growing atypical mycobacteria&quot; that has been associated with attempts to sterilize surgical instruments by soaking them in bacteriocidal chemical solutions. Because rapid growing atypical mycobacteria are resistant to bacteriocidal chemical solutions, all liposuction instruments should either be sterilized in a steam-autoclave, or be single-use disposable items. Another type of potentially fatal infection is known as necrotizing fascitis which has been associated with 1) a penetration wound to the intestines with a delayed diagnosis due to the use of general anesthesia, or 2) the use of Reston foam applied to the skin after liposuction to reduce bruising. The manufacturer of Reston foam has warned against its use with liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tInfections associated with liposuction are extremely rare. This patient was infected by atypical mycrobacteria as a result of inadequately sterilized instruments.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tOther Complications<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tOther potentially catastrophic complications, although extremely rare, include: Allergic drug reactions, aspiration pneumonia (most likely under general anesthesia), cardiac arrest and potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias, permanent nerve damage, brain damage due to lack of oxygen under general anesthesia, and seizures.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_general-anesthesia":"Risks of General Anesthesia -  Liposuction.com","page_content_general-anesthesia":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Risks of General Anesthesia<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\tSystemic Anesthesia and Liposuction Deaths<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction surgery can be accomplished safely by general anesthesia or by local anesthesia. However, general anesthesia is more dangerous. Virtually all liposuction deaths that have ever been reported have been associated with systemic anesthesia. In most cases the systemic anesthesia was not directly involved, but it permitted the surgeon to do an excessive amount of liposuction, or to do multiple unrelated surgical procedures on the same day. This includes all five of the deaths recorded by the New York Medical Examiner from 1993 to 1998 and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. (Rao RB, et al. Deaths related to liposuction. N. Eng. J. Med. 340:1471-1475,1999).<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tLocal Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLocal Anesthesia is defined as the infiltration of local anesthesia directly into the tissues targeted for surgery, with or without outpatient oral medication for analgesia, sedation, or to reduce anxiety. This definition of local anesthesia does allow for the use of medications which are approved for patient self-administration at home.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tSystemic Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSystemic Anesthesia is defined as any anesthetic technique, with or without local anesthesia, that has a significant risk and potential for impairing the protective airway reflexes or for suppression of the respiratory drive. Thus, systemic anesthesia includes general anesthesia by inhalation of a volatile gas, total intravenous (IV) general anesthesia, and local anesthesia plus IV analgesia-sedation also known as monitored anesthesia care (MAC). The greatest risks of systemic anesthesia are the dose-dependent impairment of protective airway reflexes and respiratory depression.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tModified Tumescent Technique<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction by the combination of tumescent infiltration and systemic anesthesia is commonly known by any of the following names: Superwet Technique or Modified Tumescent Technique for liposuction. These names refer to the same liposuction technique which consists of the following: 1) a relatively small volume of tumescent infiltration, 2) some form of systemic anesthesia, and 3) significant volume of IV fluid supplementation. Tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia does not use systemic anesthesia nor infusions of large volumes of IV fluids.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tMurphy&#39;s Law and Systemic Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSystemic anesthesia is quite safe when delivered by a board certified anesthesiologist. But according to Murphy&#39;s Law, nothing is perfect. Murphy&#39;s Law states that, &quot;If something can go wrong, it will.&quot; When Murphy&#39;s Law is applied to the use of systemic anesthesia, it can be stated as, &quot;If something can go wrong with systemic anesthesia, it will; and when it does go wrong, the consequences can be catastrophic.&quot; The greatest danger of systemic anesthesia is not any intrinsic pharmacologic property of systemic anesthesia, but rather human error and poor clinical judgment by those who use it.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tTo Error Is Human<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSeveral studies have found that approximately 80% of serious complications associated with anesthesia are the result of human error. Lack of attention, haste, fatigue, stress, information overload, worries about pressure to cut costs, and failure to communicate can all lead to inattention and failure to recognize problems. Types of human error that lead to anesthesia related catastrophes include improper interpretation of monitoring device data, failure to check equipment properly, inadequate experience with equipment, incorrect drug dose, and wrong drug given. An undetected accidental disconnection from a ventilator can be fatal in patients unable to breathe without assistance.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tAnesthesia Monitoring<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThere are anesthesiologists who assert that modern anesthesia is extremely safe, and that this safety is largely attributable to widespread use of modern anesthesia monitoring equipment. No amount of monitoring can overcome poor clinical judgment or human error or carelessness.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tSystemic Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe greatest danger of systemic anesthesia is its tendency to release the surgeon from common sense restraints and to permit too much liposuction. In other words, it is not the systemic anesthesia, but the consequences of using systemic anesthesia that is dangerous. Marathon surgery of up to 8 or more hours duration, involving multiple diverse cosmetic procedures, or mega-volume liposuction of more than four or five liters of fat or liposuction of too many areas of the body are examples of doing surgery far beyond the bounds of commonsense-safety. Succumbing to the urge to do too much cosmetic surgery on one occasion is the greatest risk of systemic anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tExcessive Surgery Alert<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWith liposuction under local anesthesia, the patient can inform the surgeon when there are symptoms of excessive surgery such as lightheadedness, dizziness, difficulty breathing, or unusual pain. With liposuction under systemic anesthesia, an unconscious patient cannot give an alert when the degree of surgical trauma exceeds the safe limits. Prolonged and excessive surgery significantly increases the risk of blood clots in the lung, fluid overload, excessive bleeding, and serious infections. The true danger of systemic anesthesia is that surgeons find it more difficult to detect when a patient has had too much surgery.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tHow Much Surgery Is Safe?<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIf a patient requests several different cosmetic surgical procedures, the surgeon must choose between two situations: 1) divide multiple surgeries into separate days (safer but more expensive because of the extra time required), or 2) do multiple cosmetic surgeries on the same day (more dangerous because of prolonged exposure to anesthesia and excessive surgery, but less expensive). These two alternatives must be carefully evaluated. Using general anesthesia complicates the analysis. Multiple exposures to systemic anesthesia increase the risks of anesthetic procedures and anesthetic toxicity. On the other hand, exposing the body to excessive surgical trauma increases the risks of infection, increases the need for dangerous postoperative narcotics, and prolonged bed rest increases the risk of pulmonary embolism. When financial considerations or personal convenience are allowed to outweigh safety concerns, the final choice is often in favor of marathon surgery.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDelayed Diagnosis of Injury<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThere are some unique hazards associated with the combination of systemic anesthesia plus liposuction that are not as well known. The greatest danger associated with a penetration of the abdominal cavity with a liposuction cannula is the consequence of a delayed diagnosis. Under general anesthesia, it is more likely that the surgeon will be unaware an intestinal wound and even dismiss complaints of abdominal pain until there are signs of serious infection. Under local anesthesia, such an injury would cause immediate pain and prompt immediate hospitalization and a consultation by a general surgeon without delay. Similarly, general anesthesia will contribute to a delay in the diagnosis of a punctured lung, or fluid overload because of too much IV fluids.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSome liposuction surgeons tell their patients that they can expect liposuction by local anesthesia when in fact the anticipated anesthetic technique will rely upon significant doses of IV sedation-analgesia. General anesthesia and IV sedation-analgesia are similar in terms of both risks and requirements for monitoring patients. Liposuction under systemic anesthesia should only be done in an accredited or state licensed surgical facility.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_local-anesthesia":"Risks of Local Anesthesia -  Liposuction.com","page_content_local-anesthesia":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Risks of Local Anesthesia<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\tLidocaine is the Safest<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLidocaine is the safest for tumescent liposuction of all the available local anesthetic drugs. To the best of our knowledge there has never been a reported case of toxicity due to lidocaine when it is used at the recommended doses and concentrations for tumescent liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tThe Three Risks of Local Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe three risks of local anesthesia for tumescent liposuction are 1) toxicity from an excessively high concentration of the drug in the blood, 2) injury from a needle used to inject the local anesthetic drug, and 3) discomfort during liposuction due to inadequate local anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tLidocaine Toxicity<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLidocaine toxicity is due to excessively high concentrations of lidocaine in the blood this in turn is due to a combination of the following three situations. 1) An excessive total dose of local anesthetic drug is given to the patient. 2) There is an excessively rapid absorption, of an otherwise safe dose of tumescent lidocaine, from the fat where it was injected, into the blood stream. 3) An unanticipated drug-interaction occurs between lidocaine and another drug taken by the patient which slows the rate at which lidocaine is metabolized and is eliminated from the patient&#39;s system.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPreventing Lidocaine Toxicity<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe physician who invented tumescent liposuction has written a book entitled Tumescent Technique: Tumescent Anesthesia and Microcannular Liposuction (Author Jeffrey Klein, Mosby Publishers, St Louis, 2000). This book contains detailed information about how to minimize these risks of tumescent local anesthesia. Surgeons who have read this book are less likely to commit errors that lead to lidocaine toxicity during tumescent liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tPreventing Needle Injury<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPreventing needle injury during the injection of tumescent local anesthesia is not difficult. Such an injury is extremely rare. It is important that only a physician or registered nurse do the infiltration of the solution of tumescent local anesthesia into the targeted fat. The technique for doing tumescent infiltration painlessly in a conscious patient requires special skills and some special equipment. Blunt-tipped HK-infiltration cannulas have been designed specifically to minimize the risks of inadvertent injury to tissues located deep beneath subcutaneous fat.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tAvoiding Inadequate Local Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAvoiding inadequate local anesthesia is not difficult but it does require adequate concentration of lidocaine in the tumescent solution. In order to assure complete local anesthesia, it is important that the correct concentration of lidocaine be used in each area of the body. For example, achieving complete local anesthesia for tumescent liposuction of the abdomen typically requires a higher concentration of lidocaine than does liposuction of the hips and waist areas. In addition, the infiltration technique must be done carefully, methodically, and with patience. Attempting to infiltrate as fast as possible, will usually result in incomplete local anesthesia and might require supplementation with systemic intravenous narcotics and sedatives.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tCommon Side-Effects<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tCommon Side-Effects of tumescent lidocaine that are not considered signs of toxicity include mild sleepiness, and occasionally nausea and vomiting. Most patients experience some sleepiness during and after tumescent liposuction, even if no sedatives were taken. Nausea and vomiting associated with tumescent local anesthesia is not usual, but it can occur. Other drugs that can increase nausea and vomiting after tumescent liposuction include antibiotics, acetaminophen (Tylenol), sedatives related to Valium, and all narcotics such as codeine and Demerol.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tMild Symptoms of Toxicity<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMild Symptoms of Toxicity due to lidocaine that may be associated with tumescent liposuction include mild confusion, lightheadedness, impaired memory, ataxia (diminished coordination), an unsteady gait, blurred vision or double vision. Other causes of these symptoms that are unrelated to lidocaine toxicity include anxiety, and hyperventilation. Similar effects may be experienced as a result of other drugs that patients may take without the knowledge of the surgeon.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tDangerous Signs of Lidocaine Toxicity<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDangerous signs include ringing in the ears (tinnitus), widespread muscle twitching, seizures, and unconsciousness. Seizures and loss of consciousness associated with lidocaine toxicity should be considered a medical emergency. In the most severe forms of local anesthetic toxicity there can very low blood pressure, slow heart rate, and be irregular heart rhythm. The only examples of such toxicity associated with liposuction have occurred where there was an error in preparation of the anesthetic solution as a result of not following the guidelines for safe tumescent liposuction. These guidelines are published in the book Tumescent Technique: Tumescent Anesthesia and Microcannular Liposuction (by Jeffrey Klein, Mosby Publishers, St Louis, 2000).<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tHuman Error<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tHuman error can increase the risk of toxicity from tumescent local anesthesia. A cavalier attitude about safety can be dangerous if the patient and\/or surgeon attempt to do too much liposuction, and use too much tumescent solution; megaliposuction is very dangerous. Dosage miscalculations can, during the preparation of the tumescent local anesthetic solution, occur if the safety guidelines of the Tumescent Technique are not followed. Poor communication between staff and inadequate records can lead to medication errors; the surgeon should always provide legible written orders for the tumescent solutions prior to preparation of the solutions. Poorly trained staff can make dangerous mistakes; tumescent solutions should only be prepared in the operating room by licensed medical professionals immediately before surgery. Human error committed by patients can also contribute to toxicity of local anesthesia; a patient increases the risk of adverse drug interactions if the surgeon is not informed of all medications he or she is taking.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tUnfamiliarity with Drug Interactions<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tBoth the surgeon and patient should be aware that certain drugs interact with local anesthetics and thus increase the risk of toxicity. The patient must be certain to inform the surgeon about all medications that the patient takes on a regular or intermittent basis. It is especially important that the surgeon be informed about all new medications that the patient starts taking after the preoperative examination and before surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tDrug-Interactions Causing Lidocaine Toxicity<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThere are a number of drugs that can interact with lidocaine in such a way that the risk of lidocaine toxicity is increased. In most cases, these drugs interfere with the liver&#39;s ability to metabolize and eliminate lidocaine from the body. It is important that patients who are scheduled for tumescent liposuction should inform the surgeon of all drugs the patient takes regularly or intermittently. Any of the drugs on the following list (see Pharmacology), if taken within one to two weeks of tumescent liposuction can increase the risk of lidocaine toxicity. If such drugs cannot be discontinued, then the surgeon must reduce the dosage of lidocaine.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_thrombo-risk":"Risks of Thromboembolism -  Liposuction.com","page_content_thrombo-risk":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Risks of Thromboembolism<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\tRisk of Thromboembolism<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThis page is currently being developed.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_ultrasonic-risks":"Risks of Ultrasonic Liposuction -  Liposuction.com","page_content_ultrasonic-risks":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Risks of Ultrasonic Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\tUltrasonic Assisted Liposuction (UAL)<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUltrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL) is any modified liposuction technique that delivers ultrasonic energy to subcutaneous fat in an effort to facilitate traditional negative-pressure liposuction. UAL has become less popular because of an increased awareness among liposuction surgeons that UAL is associated with increased risks of complications.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe concept of UAL is intuitively appealing. A piezoelectric crystal converts electric energy to rapid (ultrasonic) vibrations and heat that are transmitted to a small metal rod or paddle and thus injure living tissue. Ultrasonic energy delivers a combination of vibratory mechanical energy and thermal energy to subcutaneous fat.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSafety of UAL is controversial. One study of 250 consecutive UAL patients concluded that internal UAL is &quot;both safe and effective&quot; despite three cases of dermal necrosis (1.2 percent), 28 postoperative seromas (11.2 percent), and 35 patients with Reston foam blisters. (Maxwell GP. Ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty: a clinical study of 250 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 101:189-202,1998). Based on this report, most experienced liposuction surgeons have concluded that UAL is less safe than Tumescent Liposuction with microcannulas.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tTwo Types of UAL<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThere are two types of UAL: Internal UAL and external UAL. Internal UAL delivers ultrasonic energy directly to subcutaneous fat by a metal rod or cannula inserted through an incision in the skin. External UAL delivers ultrasonic energy to subcutaneous fat by means of applying a paddle-shaped instrument directly to the overlying skin.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tA Brief History of Internal UAL<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tEuropeans were the first to embrace internal UAL. After an initial period of enthusiasm for internal UAL, it was eventually rejected by the majority of European liposuction surgeons because of an unacceptable incidence of complications. Despite the misgivings of many European surgeons, internal UAL was subsequently introduced into North America. Many surgeons tried internal UAL because it was promoted as the &quot;cutting-edge&quot; of cosmetic surgical technology. Because of insufficient proof of safety, the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) never approved the sale of internal UAL devices for liposuction. Nevertheless equipment manufacturers and some prominent surgeons promoted internal UAL, and many surgeons purchased these devices with the intention of using them on liposuction patients. Eventually the risks of UAL became apparent, and sales of UAL devices plummeted. The company that sold most of the Internal UAL devices in America has declared bankruptcy.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tA Brief History of External UAL<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tExternal UAL was initially promoted by several enthusiastic liposuction surgeons who made statements that were based on subjective opinion rather than objective scientific data. It soon became apparent that external UAL provided no benefit, and it is now rarely used.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tUAL Causes Blood Clots<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUAL causes blood clots in the small blood vessels. Internal UAL produces heat and elevates the temperature of targeted fatty tissue. However, it can also increase the temperature within the blood vessels that supply the overlying skin. Elevation of the temperature within blood vessels causes blood clots within the vessels. If the blood vessels that supply an area of skin with oxygen becomes blocked by clots, then the skin will die. Internal UAL may literally create a large area subcutaneous thermal injury.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tInjury to Peripheral Nerves<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tInjury to peripheral nerves is possible with UAL. Patients who have had internal UAL appear to have an increased incidence of prolonged numbness consistent with injury to sensory nerves. The neurosurgery literature has documented the injurious effects of ultrasound on peripheral nerves. The potential for ultrasonic energy causing damage to peripheral nerves suggests that the risks of using UAL in arms, legs, neck and face may outweigh any potential benefits.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tUAL Causes Seromas<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tA seroma is a fluid-filled cavity beneath the skin containing serum (clear yellow fluid) that can persistent for weeks or months. Internal UAL causes the formation of seromas in 15% to 70% of patients. Advancing the internal UAL cannula too slowly through fat or using too much ultrasonic energy, causes seromas by damaging surrounding tissues. In response one manufacturer has modified its recommendations and &quot;solved the problem&quot; by recommending that surgeons reduce the amount of internal ultrasonic energy that is delivered to subcutaneous fat. In other words, do less ultrasonic liposuction and reduce the incidence of problems.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tExternal UAL and Manufacturer&#39;s Warnings<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe external UAL device is the same ultrasound apparatus traditionally used by physical therapists. These ultrasound machines are associated with definite risks and dangers. The manufacturers of external ultrasound devices provide instructions that state external ultrasonic devices should not be used over the heart, the ovaries, or over a large artery such as the carotid artery. Manufacturers&#39; warnings should prohibit the use of external UAL for liposuction of the male chest, the female abdomen, or on the neck or chin areas. If a surgeon uses external UAL on the female abdomen, then the manufacturer&#39;s warnings should be included in the information about UAL given to the patient.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_faqs":"Liposuction FAQS, Answers to Questions About Lipo from Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_faqs":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Liposuction FAQS<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\t<strong>Answers to common questions about Liposuction:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/liposuction.html\"><strong>What is Liposuction?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe concept of liposuction is surprisingly simple. Liposuction is a surgical technique that improves the body&#39;s contour by removing excess fat deposits located between the skin and muscle<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<strong><a href=\"\/tumescent-lipo.html\">What is Tumescent Liposuction?<br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/a><\/strong>Tumescent liposuction designates a form of liposuction that uses tumescent local anesthesia. The tumescent technique for liposuction totally by local anesthesia has eliminated the greatest dangers associated with the older forms of liposuction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/elastic-garments.html\"><strong>What are Elastic Compression Garments?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tElastic compression garments (specially designed girdles) were intended 1) to reduce bleeding immediately after surgery and 2) to reduce swelling the time that the body is healing. Tumescent liposuction has eliminated surgical bleeding. Most surgeons require that patients wear an elastic compression garment for a certain length of time after liposuction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/cost-of-liposuction.html\"><strong>What is the Cost of Liposuction?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe fee for liposuction usually depends on how many areas are treated by liposuction. When only one area is treated by liposuction the fee is less than when multiple areas are treated.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/good-candidate.html\"><strong>Am I A Good Candidate for Liposuction Surgery?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tA good candidate for liposuction is defined as any person who has realistic expectations, is in good health and is likely to be happy with the results of liposuction. Although liposuction can often provide very substantial improvements, it is rare for liposuction results to be absolutely perfect.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/realistic-expectations.html\"><strong>Realistic Expectations of My Liposuction Surgery?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tAfter liposuction, the new body&rsquo;s shape is more or less permanent. If a patient does gain a moderate amount of weight after liposuction, then the figure will simply be a larger version of the new body shape. Fat cells that are removed by liposuction do not grow back.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/body-areas.html\"><strong>Which Body Areas can be treated by Liposuction?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe most frequently treated areas for women are the abdomen, breasts, hips, outer thighs, anterior thighs, inner thighs, knees, arms, buttocks, cheeks and neck. In men, who comprise about 15% to 25% of liposuction patients, the most commonly treated areas include the chin and neck area, abdomen, flanks (&quot;love-handles&quot;), and breasts.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/complications-risks.html\"><strong>What are the Complications and Risks of Liposuction Surgery?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe most dangerous aspect of liposuction is an attitude that ignores the risk of doing too much liposuction on a single day, or disregards the risks of doing multiple unrelated surgical procedures on the same day that liposuction surgery is performed. As judged by current worldwide experience, liposuction is amazingly safe. Rare problems that can potentially occur with any surgical procedure include infections, bleeding, skin ulcerations, and nerve injury.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/choosing-a-surgeon.html\"><strong>What Questions Should I Ask before Choosing A Liposuction Surgeon?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tDecisions about liposuction should not be based solely on the cost of liposuction. The cheapest procedure might mean that the surgeon does the procedure quickly and incompletely. You should feel free to ask any question you have about liposuction. In fact, it is the patient&#39;s responsibility to make sure that all important questions have been asked and answered before making any final decisions about having liposuction<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<strong><a href=\"\/qualifications-of-surgeons.html\">What kind of Qualifications should a Liposuction Surgeon have?<br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/a><\/strong>Liposuction is most commonly performed by surgeons who have acquired special training in the techniques of liposuction. Surgeons who perform liposuction or other cosmetic surgeries are called &quot;cosmetic surgeons.&quot;<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/surgical-facility.html\"><strong>What are the Important Characteristics of a Safe Surgical Facility?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tLiposuction can be performed in a doctor&rsquo;s office, in an outpatient surgery center, or in a hospital. A safe surgical facility for liposuction must be able to minimize the risks of surgical infections. Surgeries should be done in operating rooms that maintain high standards for cleanliness.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/techniques.html\"><strong>What is the safest form of liposuction? What is a liposuction cannula?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tTumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia is the safest form of liposuction. Liposuction using general anesthesia or heavy IV sedation is somewhat less safe than liposuction totally by local anesthesia. Microcannulas permit smoother results after liposuction. A liposuction cannula is a small stainless steel tube that is inserted through an incision in the skin and removes subcutaneous fat.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/postop-recovery.html\"><strong>How long is the Liposuction Surgery Post-Op and Recovery time?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tWhen liposuction is done totally by local anesthesia, patients can usually depart from the surgical facility within 30 minutes of the completion of surgery. When general anesthesia is employed, then patients usually require one to three hours of post-anesthesia observation before being discharged home. Most patients can return to a desk-type job with two days after tumescent liposuction. Because of the significant decrease in swelling, inflammation and pain after tumescent liposuction, patients are able to return to normal physical activities very soon after tumescent liposuction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/postop-pain.html\"><strong>Is there Pain or Discomfort after Liposuction Surgery?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tDuring the two days immediately after liposuction, the amount of pain experienced depends on the type of anesthesia used for liposuction. Soreness is usually the most intense 2 to 4 days after liposuction and then decreases steadily. The tenderness and soreness typically is quite bothersome for up to 4 weeks, but gradually subsides over the following next 4 to 8 weeks.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/skin-quality.html\"><strong>How does Liposuction Affect the Appearance of the Skin? Does Liposuction Produce Visible Scars?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tThe appearance of skin after liposuction depends on the skin&rsquo;s elasticity. Skin with good elasticity should look smooth and natural after liposuction. Scars are not a common problem with modern liposuction which uses very small cannulas (microcannulas) and thus only very small incision are required.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/obesity.html\"><strong>Is Liposuction a Reasonable Treatment for Obesity?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tLiposuction is not a good treatment of obesity. Liposuction is not effective, even as a last resort, for people who are unable to lose weight by dieting and exercise.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/anxiety.html\"><strong>Is it Normal to be Anxious Before having Liposuction Surgery?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\r\n\t\tYes. Almost everyone has some degree of anxiety before having a surgical procedure, including liposuction. Some people have more anxiety than others.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<strong><a href=\"\/tummy-tucks.html\">How does Abdominal Liposuction Differ from a &quot;Tummy Tuck&quot;?<br \/>\r\n\t\t<\/a><\/strong>A tummy tuck (abdominoplasty) is a major surgical procedure requiring general anesthesia, and involves liposuction and excision to remove fat, plus a large excision of skin. In many patients (but not all) liposuction of the abdomen can often provide equivalent or better results than a tummy tuck. Because liposuction is safer and causes less scarring compared to tummy tucks, abdominal liposuction is now far more common than are tummy tucks.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n","page_title_body-areas":"FAQ: Body Areas -  Liposuction.com","page_content_body-areas":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Body Areas<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. Women most commonly have which areas treated by liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe most frequently treated areas for women are the abdomen, breasts, hips, outer thighs, anterior thighs, inner thighs, knees, arms, buttocks, cheeks and neck.<\/p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"400\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td width=\"185\">\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Abdomen<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/abdomen.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-abdomen.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Breast Reduction<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/breats-female.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-breasts-female.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tChin, Cheeks, &amp; Jowls<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/face-neck.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-face-neck.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Hips &amp; Waist<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/outer-thighs.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-waist-hips-outer.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Outer Thighs<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/outer-thighs.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-outer-thighs.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Inner Thighs<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/inner-thighs.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-inner-thighs.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Knees<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/body-areas.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-inner-knees.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Anterior Thighs<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/anterior-thighs.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-anterior-thighs-knees.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Back Photos<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/female-back.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-back-female.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Buttocks<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/buttocks.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-buttocks.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Arms<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/arms.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-arms.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. Men most commonly have which areas treated by liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn men, who comprise about 15% to 25% of liposuction patients, the most commonly treated areas include the chin and neck area, abdomen, flanks (&quot;love-handles&quot;), and breasts.<\/p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"400\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td width=\"185\">\r\n\t\t\t\tChin, Cheeks, &amp; Jowls<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/face-neck.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-face-neck.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tMale Abdomen<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/abdomen.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-abdomen-male.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tMale Flanks<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/flanks-male.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-flanks-male.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tMale Breast Reduction<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/breasts-male.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-breasts-male.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. Can liposuction be used for female breast reduction? What about in men?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tYes, tumescent liposuction is a very effective method of breast reduction for both women and men with very rapid recovery. For women, liposuction typically reduces the breast size by 35% to 45%, and produces a noticeable elevation or lifting of the breasts. Liposuction elevates the female breasts by removing fat and reducing the weight of the breasts, thus permitting the natural elasticity of breast tissues to contract and give the breast a noticeable lift. Postoperative recovery after liposuction of female and male breasts is very quick, with patients typically able to return to work in one to three days.<\/p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"400\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td width=\"185\">\r\n\t\t\t\tFemale Breast Reduction<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/breats-female.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-breasts-female.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\tMale Breast Reduction<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/breasts-male.html\">Procedure Info<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"\/gallery-breasts-male.html\">Photo Gallery<\/a><\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n","page_title_choosing-a-surgeon":"FAQ: Choosing A Surgeon -  Liposuction.com","page_content_choosing-a-surgeon":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Choosing A Surgeon<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. Should I Base My Decision on the Cost of Liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDecisions about liposuction should not be based solely on the cost of liposuction. The cheapest procedure might mean that the surgeon does the procedure quickly and incompletely. Liposuction is a hand-crafted art form. Would you base a decision to buy a painting on its price or on the aesthetic judgment and skill of the artist? It is more reasonable to base your decision about liposuction on the surgeon&#39;s reputation, the surgeon&#39;s apparent skill, the surgeon&#39;s experience and the surgeon&#39;s ability to communicate with you in a manner that is professional, sincere, comfortable, and unhurried. Five years after your liposuction, you will probably not remember the exact amount you paid for the surgery, but you will aware of the quality of the results for the rest of your life. The most common source of disappointment following liposuction is dissatisfaction with the degree of improvement (&quot;it looks as if nothing was done&quot;) or unhappiness with uneven lumpy-bumpy results. The liposuction cost should not be the main basis for your choice of surgeon. Do not put your body on the bargain rack.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. What Questions Should I Ask?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tYou should feel free to ask any question you have about liposuction. In fact, it is the patient&#39;s responsibility to make sure that all important questions have been asked and answered before making any final decisions about having liposuction. A liposuction surgeon or the surgeon&#39;s staff should be willing to discuss and attempt to answer any question you have about liposuction. Do not feel embarrassed to ask difficult questions about the surgeon or about liposuction. You can find a comprehensive list of questions you might want to consider by clicking on Choosing a Surgeon page.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. Can I Ask the Surgeon Any Questions I Want?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tYes. Feel free to ask any question you want. Do not feel intimidated, but be polite. Every responsible liposuction surgeon wants patients to have realistic expectations. The only way you and the surgeon can be reasonably certain that your expectations are realistic is for you to make every effort to have all your questions answered.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. When Do I Have To Make My Decision?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDo not feel pressured to make a decision about having liposuction. Your initial consultation with a surgeon should be regarded as an opportunity to gather all the information that you will need to make a reasonable decision about liposuction. If after your first consultation, you have some new questions, or if you feel the need for further clarifications, you should return to see the surgeon for a second consultation.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. Will The Surgeon Answer All My Questions Before I Make a Decision?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe surgeon ought to answer all of your questions before you make your decision to have liposuction. Every ethical liposuction surgeon will want to be certain that you feel comfortable about having enough information to make a well-informed decision. Often the surgeon and the surgeon&#39;s staff will act as a team during your consultations, and together they should be able to answer every one of your important questions about liposuction. Be wary of a surgeon who is evasive in answering your questions. If a surgeon is not willing or is not able to answer your questions before liposuction surgery, then it is possible that any questions or problems you encounter after surgery will not be adequately addressed.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. Can Liposuction Advertisements be Trusted?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAdvertisements for cosmetic surgery have two purposes. First, an advertisement should inform prospective patients about the location of the surgeon and about the availability of the surgeon&#39;s cosmetic surgical procedures. Unless patients know about and can find a surgeon, the world&#39;s best liposuction surgeon with the safest surgical technique might have very few patients. Second, a cosmetic surgery advertisement is intended to sell you a service. You can often use such ads to judge the quality and honesty of the surgeon by critically judging the professionalism of a cosmetic surgery advertisement. Be wary of ads that use unqualified superlatives. Finally, don&#39;t expect liposuction ads to inform you of every possible risk of liposuction. Information about the risks and complications of liposuction should be obtained from the surgeon during the in-person consultation and by reading information in publications and on the internet as you are doing now. Surgeons who advertise may be the world&#39;s best, but unqualified surgeons may also advertise.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_complications-risks":"FAQ: Complications and Risks -  Liposuction.com","page_content_complications-risks":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Complications and Risks<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. What Factors Increase the Risks of Liposuction Complications?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe most dangerous aspect of liposuction is an attitude that ignores the risk of doing too much liposuction on a single day, or disregards the risks of doing multiple unrelated surgical procedures on the same day that liposuction surgery is performed.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIt is dangerous to attempt too much liposuction on the same day. There is a limit to the amount of surgical trauma that the human body can safely withstand. If the patient desires a large amount of liposuction, is it far safer to divide the procedure into two or more separate surgeries spaced 3 to 4 weeks apart, rather than to do one excessively large surgery on a single day.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tIt is dangerous to combine liposuction with other unrelated surgeries, such as facelift, breast surgery, or laser surgery, on the same day as liposuction. It is especially dangerous to do abdominal liposuction on the same day as a gynecologic surgical procedure.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tThe use of general anesthesia or IV sedation for liposuction may tempt a patient or a surgeon to do too much liposuction. Both the patient and the surgeon must be aware that too much surgery in a single day can be dangerous.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. What are the risks of liposuction surgery?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAs judged by current worldwide experience, liposuction is amazingly safe. Rare problems that can potentially occur with any surgical procedure include infections, bleeding, skin ulcerations, and nerve injury. The tumescent technique minimizes these risks. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reported deaths using the tumescent technique for liposuction totally by local anesthesia. As with any surgical procedure, liposuction is associated with certain common side effects such as bruising, swelling and temporary numbness. Although irregularities of the skin are possible following liposuction, this side effect is minimized by tumescent liposuction using microcannulas. When larger cannulas are used there is an increased risk of occasional irregularities of the skin. When microcannulas are used, noticeable irregularities are uncommon.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. What major complications have been associated with liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMajor complications associated with liposuction are rare 1) when the patient is not excessively obese, 2) when the patient does not have too much liposuction on a single day, and 3) the patient does not have another unrelated surgical procedure (breast surgery, facelift, hysterectomy, etc.) on the same day. Nevertheless, liposuction does have some risks.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe following is a list of the most serious risks, which fortunately are rare.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<b>Pulmonary thromboembolism (a blood clot in the lung)<\/b><br \/>\r\n\t\tThis type of complication is a known risk of using general anesthesia, excessive surgical trauma, and obesity.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<b>Infection<\/b><br \/>\r\n\t\tLiposuction infections are very rare. Inadequate sterilization of the surgical instruments, the application of Reston foam to reduce bruising, and ultrasonic assisted liposuction may increase the risk of infections.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<b>Intra-Abdominal Perforation with Visceral Injury <\/b><br \/>\r\n\t\tWith prompt diagnosis, an injury to an organ within the abdominal cavity can usually be repaired without long-term serious problems. However, if a liposuction cannula punctures the intestine, and the diagnosis is delayed until an infection has spread throughout the abdominal cavity, the consequences can be fatal. When liposuction is done totally by local anesthesia, any intestinal injury will immediately cause severe pain which should lead to a prompt diagnosis. However if the liposuction is done under general anesthesia, then both the patient and the surgeon may be unaware of the injury until it is too late.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<b>Hematoma or Seroma<\/b><br \/>\r\n\t\tBleeding into a closed space under the skin (hematoma), or the leakage of serum into closed space under the skin (seroma) can occur after liposuction. There is an increased risk of these types of complications associated with obesity, excessive liposuction with a large cannula, and with ultrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<b>Nerve Damage<\/b><br \/>\r\n\t\tPermanent nerve damage is very rare with tumescent liposuction. It is far more common with the use of ultrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL). Nevertheless, nerve injury is a known risk of any surgery.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<b>Swelling or Edema<\/b><br \/>\r\n\t\tTemporary swelling of areas treated by liposuction is part of the natural healing process, and usually resolves within 4 to 12 weeks. By allowing incision sites to remain open (not closed with stitches), post-operative drainage of the residual blood-tinged local anesthetic solution can occur. By encouraging this drainage of inflammatory fluid, the degree and intensity of postoperative swelling and edema is minimized. When the surgeon closes incision sites with stitches, a considerable amount of inflammatory material is trapped under the skin, and this augments the swelling process.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<b>Skin Necrosis<\/b><br \/>\r\n\t\tSkin necrosis, or the death of skin cells within a circumscribed area, can result from thermal injury (burn or freezing), infection, or injury to the blood vessels that supply oxygen to the skin. Skin necrosis can occur with liposuction if the surgeon uses the liposuction cannula to intentionally injure the skin (some surgeons erroneously believe that injuring the skin will encourage contraction of the skin). It is not unusual for ultrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL) to cause skin necrosis as a result of ultrasonic energy burning the skin or burning blood vessels that supply the skin. Finally, a rare type of severe bacterial infection can cause necrotizing fasciitis of the skin. This type of infection is associated with UAL and with the use of Reston foam applied to the skin after liposuction in an effort to reduce bruising.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<b>Pulmonary Edema<\/b><br \/>\r\n\t\tExcessive doses of intravenous fluids during and after liposuction have been known to cause excessive accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Severe cases of pulmonary edema can cause death. Intravenous fluids are not necessary, and in fact are contraindicated, with tumescent liposuction because the large volume of dilute tumescent local anesthetic fluid that is injected under the skin. The tumescent local anesthetic fluid is sufficient to replace any fluid that is lost by liposuction. Any additional fluid given through an IV is unnecessary and could be excessive.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<b>Adverse Drug Reactions (Toxicity or Allergic Reactions) <\/b><br \/>\r\n\t\tThis can occur with any medication. Both local anesthesia and general anesthesia can cause complications during or after liposuction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<b>Death<\/b><br \/>\r\n\t\tIn the year 2000, a survey of liposuction surgeons who traditionally do liposuction under general anesthesia found that these surgeons encountered one death in every 5000 cases of liposuction. In a more recent survey of surgeons who only do liposuction by local anesthesia, there were no deaths in 65,000 cases of tumescent liposuction.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. What are the leading causes of death associated with liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe most common causes of death associated with liposuction are 1) Pulmonary Embolus (blood clot in the lung), 2) Infections, 3) Injury to Abdominal Organs (liver, intestines) or Lungs, and 4) Drug Reactions and Side Effects of Anesthesia. An article published in 2000 found 95 deaths among 475,000 liposuction patients who had liposuction by surgeons using general anesthesia or heavy IV sedation. In contrast, a 2002 study of surgeons who do liposuction by local anesthesia found no deaths among 65,000 liposuction patients.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. Does the type of anesthesia affect the safety of liposuction surgery?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe type of anesthesia used for the liposuction surgery can influence the risk associated with liposuction. There have been no deaths reported with liposuction that is accomplished using the tumescent technique totally by local anesthesia. Virtually all deaths associated with liposuction are associated with the use of either general anesthesia or the use of intravenous (IV) sedation. A recent publication in the journal, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, reported 95 deaths associated with liposuction from 1994 to mid-1998, all of which occurred in the hands of surgeons who typically use general or systemic anesthesia. In the same period of time there were no reported deaths associated with liposuction when performed by surgeons who do tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia. (Reference: Grazer FM, de Jong RH. Fatal outcomes from liposuction: census survey of cosmetic surgeons. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 105:436-446, 2000).<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. What is the risk of infection with tumescent liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAlthough there have been reports in the medical literature of patients who have had serious infections following liposuction surgery, infections after tumescent liposuction are extremely rare. Lidocaine, the local anesthetic that is used for the Tumescent Technique has been shown to be bactericidal, that is, it kills bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, there has never been any patient who has had a serious infection following liposuction totally by local anesthesia using the tumescent technique.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. How much blood loss occurs with liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThere is virtually no significant blood loss associated with tumescent liposuction. This amazing fact is the result of the profound vasoconstriction produced by the epinephrine contained in the tumescent local anesthetic solution. With tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia approximately one percent (1%) of the material that is removed by liposuction is blood. With tumescent liposuction under general anesthesia approximately 4 to 8 percent of the aspirated material is blood.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. Is a blood transfusion a common requirement after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tBlood transfusions are extremely rare with tumescent liposuction. However, excessive blood loss may occur 1) if the patient has taken aspirin or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) within a few days before surgery, 2) if the surgery involves excessively large amount of liposuction such as total body liposuction or liposuction removes more than 5 liters of tissue.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_elastic-garments":"FAQ: Elastic Compression Garments -  Liposuction.com","page_content_elastic-garments":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Elastic Compression Garments<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. Why are elastic compression garments worn after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn the early days of liposuction, before the tumescent technique had been invented, elastic compression garments (specially designed girdles) were intended 1) to reduce bleeding immediately after surgery and 2) to reduce swelling the time that the body is healing. Tumescent liposuction has eliminated surgical bleeding. (See About Tumescent Liposuction).<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWith the tumescent technique, there is always a certain amount of blood-tinged anesthetic solution which remains beneath the skin where the fat has been suctioned. This blood-tinged fluid causes bruising and the post-operative swelling known as &quot;osmotic-edema&quot;. With tumescent liposuction, the function of the compression garment depends on the whether or not the surgeon closes incisions with stitches. With the modern &quot;open-drainage&quot; technique for post-liposuction care, the tiny incisions\/adits are allowed to remain open (not closed with stitches), and the reason for using compression garments (need only be worn for a few days) is to encourage the rapid drainage of the residual blood-tinged tumescent anesthetic solution from beneath the skin. With &quot;closed-drainage&quot;, the reason for using compression garments (which must be worn for several weeks) is to force the absorption of the blood-tinged anesthetic solution into the body&#39;s blood vessels.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. What type of garment must be worn after surgery?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMost surgeons require that patients wear an elastic compression garment for a certain length of time after liposuction. Such garments are intended to provide continuous postoperative compression to areas treated by liposuction. Some garments are constructed from Lycra type cloth. Other garments are made from elastic cloth typical to that used for girdles. The garments are usually crotchless so that the patient can urinate and defecate without having to remove the garment.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. How long must I wear a girdle (elastic compression garment) after surgery?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe length of time that a patient must wear an elastic compression garment depends on the type of aftercare technique preferred by the surgeon. If the surgeon closes the incisions with stitches then patients are typically instructed to wear a garment for 2 to 6 weeks. If the surgeon places stitches in the skin incisions, then the blood-tinged tumescent solution remains trapped beneath the skin causing prolonged bruising, swelling, and tenderness, which in turn requires the patient to wear an elastic compression garment for an extended length of time.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWith the open drainage technique (skin incisions\/adits are not closed with stitches) for post-liposuction care, an elastic compression garment is typically worn for an average of only 3 to 6 days. With &quot;open-drainage&quot; patients must wear compression garments for 24 hours beyond the time when all drainage has stopped. For example after tumescent liposuction of the outer thighs, if all drainage stops after 3 days, then the garments must be worn for 4 days.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. How does the &quot;open-drainage&quot; reduce time a compression garment must be worn?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAfter tumescent liposuction there is always some residual blood-tinged tumescent local anesthetic solution that remains under the skin within the treated areas. If this blood-tinged fluid is allowed to remain under the skin, it increases the degree of bruising, swelling and tenderness. By using &quot;open-drainage&quot; with good compression, most of this fluid is &quot;squeezed out&quot; within the first 24 hours after surgery, and healing is more rapid. When surgeons close the incisions with stitches, then the blood-tinged tumescent fluid is trapped under the skin, and can cause prolonged inflammation, swelling and the formation of seromas.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. Can the blood-tinged drainage be prevented from staining clothing, and furniture?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tYes, the large volume of blood tinged drainage is readily controlled by placing <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hksurgical.com\/HKWebSite\/Pads1.html\" onclick=\"recordOutboundLink(this, 'Outbound Links', 'hksurgical.com');return false;\" target=\"_blank\">super-absorbent pads (sterile HK Pads, available from HK Surgical, Inc.)<\/a> directly on the skin over open liposuction incisions, and then applying <a href=\"http:\/\/www.liposuction.com\/shop\/catalog\/garments\" onclick=\"recordOutboundLink(this, 'Outbound Links', 'hksurgical.com');return false;\" target=\"_blank\">elastic compression garment(s)<\/a> over the pads.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. How does &quot;bimodal compression&quot; accelerate healing after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&quot;Bimodal compression&quot; describes a technique that uses two degrees of compression after liposuction. Initially, a high degree of compression is used to accelerate the drainage of blood-tinged tumescent anesthetic solution from open incision sites (incision not closed with sutures). Next, the degree of compression is reduced after all drainage has ceased, in order to avoid excessive compression. If there is too much compression after all drainage has ceased, the lymphatic vessels are squeezed shut and prevented from absorbing the remaining blood-tinged tumescent fluid. Bimodal compression is easily achieved by initially using two compression garments, one on top of the other, which provide additive compression. After all drainage has ceased, wearing only one garment provides enough compression to reduce the risk of seroma formation, but avoids the risk of preventing the absorption of residual fluid by lymphatic capillaries.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. What are the risks of using of elastic compression garments after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tToo much compression can prolong swelling and edema. Excessive compression after all drainage has ceased, can impair the normal function of lymphatic capillaries which is to absorb residual tumescent fluid and inflammatory exudate from the tissues of the liposuction site.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tToo little compression will permit the accumulation of fluid within the tunnels created by the liposuction cannula within targeted fat.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. Does Reston foam reduce bruising when applied to a patient after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAlthough Reston foam does reduce bruising after liposuction, its dangers far outweigh its benefits. Reston foam consists of a 3\/8 inch thick sheet of sponge-like plastic foam pad with adhesive applied to one side. The intended use of Reston foam is to prevent bedsores by applying the adhesive-backed foam to the bed sheet beneath a patient&#39;s heels or buttocks.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tA bruise occurs when red blood cells leak out of blood vessels and move toward the skin surface. The application of Reston foam directly onto skin beneath a compression garment, tightly compresses the skin&#39;s collagen fibers and prevents bruising by impairing the outward percolation of red blood cells from the liposuction wound toward the surface of the skin.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tReston foam applied directly to skin can compress capillary blood vessels. This impairs oxygen delivery to the skin, and can cause blistering and ulceration of the skin. Several patients have died from infection (necrotizing fasciitis) associated with the use of Reston foam after liposuction.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_liposuction":"FAQ: Liposuction -  Liposuction.com","page_content_liposuction":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tThe concept of liposuction is surprisingly simple. Liposuction is a surgical technique that improves the body&#39;s contour by removing excess fat deposits located between the skin and muscle. Liposuction involves the use of a small stainless steel tube, called a cannula (from the Latin word for reed, tube, cane). The liposuction cannula, typically connected to a powerful suction pump, is inserted into the fat through small incisions in the skin, and fat is removed by suction as the cannula creates tiny tunnels through the fat. During the healing process after liposuction, these tiny tunnels shrink and disappear, resulting in an improved body contour.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. Who is a good candidate for liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tA good candidate for liposuction is defined as any patient who is likely to be happy with the results of liposuction. The best candidates for liposuction are in good health and have realistic expectations of what liposuction can accomplish. Liposuction can provide a good candidate with a significant improvement, but it is unlikely to achieve perfection. There is no definite age or weight limit for patients who are &quot;good candidates&quot; for liposuction. Many liposuction patients are of average size but are concerned about localized accumulations of fat. However, some of the happiest patients have been individuals who are somewhat obese. A good candidate usually has one or more localized accumulations of fat that can be removed by liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. Who is not a good candidate for liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tA person who expects absolute perfection is not a good candidate for liposuction. Excessively obese patients are usually not good candidates for liposuction. A person who has a serious medical problem is not a good candidate for liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. Is liposuction a reasonable treatment for obesity?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction is not a good treatment of obesity. Liposuction is not effective, even as a last resort, for people who are unable to lose weight by dieting and exercise. Obese patients almost always regain the weight that is removed by liposuction unless there is a dramatic reduction in calorie intake (by dieting) or a significant increase in calorie expenditure (by exercising). Whenever large-volume liposuction has been used in an attempt to treat obesity by surgery, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of serious surgical complications. It is not safe to remove huge amounts of fat by liposuction. It is dangerous to remove more than 8 to 10 pounds of fat by liposuction in a single day. Thus, liposuction will not be of any significant benefit for an obese patient who believes that liposuction will aid in the effort to lose weight.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tOn the other hand, an overweight person whose weight has been stable for many years and has certain problem-areas of fat may be a good candidate for liposuction. Liposuction in an obese patient is reasonable when the goal is to improve a troublesome body contour area. It is not reasonable to use liposuction as a surgical technique for weight loss.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. What is a successful liposuction surgery?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tA liposuction surgery is a success when the patient is happy with the results. The surgeon&#39;s goal is to obtain an optimal aesthetic result rather than to maximize the amount of fat removed. One of the most common causes for disappointment in the results of liposuction surgery is the removal of too much fat, which produces an abnormal or unusual appearance. The cosmetic success of a liposuction surgery is often the result of removing an amount of fat equivalent to less than a pound or two of butter from a woman&#39;s saddlebag area or from a man&#39;s love handle area. While this amount of fat is relatively small compared to a person&#39;s total body weight, it does produce a dramatic change in the patient&#39;s silhouette.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. Does liposuction always remove cellulite?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction improves the silhouette of the body, but does not necessarily eliminate the pre-existing subtle &quot;puckering&quot; of the skin that is often referred to as &quot;cellulite.&quot; Liposuction does reduce the degree of cellulite to a minor degree but it is unlikely to produce a significant improvement or to completely eliminate cellulite.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. Does liposuction produce permanent results?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAfter liposuction the body&#39;s new shape is more or less permanent. If a patient does gain a moderate amount of weight after liposuction, then the figure will simply be a larger version of the new body shape. Fat cells that are removed by liposuction do not grow back. As long as the patient does not gain excessive amounts of weight, the new, more pleasing silhouette is permanent. Of course after liposuction the clock keeps ticking, and advancing age will produce the usual changes in the shape of the body associated with the aging process. If a person gains weight after liposuction, she\/he will not accumulate as much fat in the treated areas as would have happened if liposuction had not been done.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. Does the fat come back in other spots after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIf a patient does not gain weight after liposuction, then fat does not accumulate in other areas of the body. However, if a patient gains a significant amount of weight, say more than 10 pounds (5 kg), after liposuction, then the fat must go somewhere. In fact, the fat accumulates in every area of the body in proportion to the amount of fat cells in each area. Areas where fat cells have been removed by liposuction will accumulate relatively little fat, while areas not treated by liposuction will collect relatively more fat. For example, if a woman gains weight after liposuction of her hips, outer thighs, and abdomen, then most of the fat will be deposited elsewhere such as the woman&#39;s breasts, face, back and legs.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t9. Does liposuction cause dimpling or indentations in the skin?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDimpling and indentations in the skin is a known risk of liposuction. However skin irregularities are unusual in the hands of a skilled surgeon. The use of large diameter cannulas tends to increase the risk of irregularities, while the use of microcannulas (less than 2.8 mm in outside diameter) reduces this risk. The use of microcannulas and multiple adits (very tiny 1.5 mm round holes placed in the skin) allows the surgeon to make a criss-cross pattern of tiny tunnels throughout the fat which produces smoother liposuction results compared to using larger cannulas and only two or three entrance incisions. When large cannulas are used, any inadvertent passage of the cannula too close to the skin may leave a depression or furrow, whereas one pass too close to the skin with a microcannula will not leave a visible depression.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t10. What Alternatives Are There to Liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction is never absolutely necessary. If you decide that liposuction is not for you, then you may consider the following alternatives to liposuction. Weight loss without liposuction can produce excellent aesthetic results. Weight loss can be achieved by dieting (decreased calorie intake) or by increased exercise (expenditure of calories). An alternative to abdominal liposuction is a tummy tuck.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_techniques":"FAQ: Liposuction Techniques and Instruments -  Liposuction.com","page_content_techniques":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Liposuction Techniques and Instruments<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. How many incisions are made?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe number of linear incisions or adits (tiny round holes) that are placed in the skin is determined by a number of factors including size and location of the area being treated, and the surgeon&rsquo;s technique. In general, when just a few (2 to 6) incisions are used in an area, the incisions tend to be somewhat larger (greater than &frac14; inch long), and are closed with stitches. In contrast, surgeons who use small diameter microcannulas typically make multiple (4 to 12 or more) tiny adits in an area, which are so small (less than 1\/8 inch in diameter) that no stitches are required.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. How long will take for the incisions to heal?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIncisions or adits usually close up in a week or two, and become completely healed with no scabs within 2 to 4 weeks. The incision sites slowly become less and less visible over 3 to 12 months, except in patients who have darkly pigmented skin, in which case the incision sites may remain visible for more than a year or two.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. Is it necessary to have an IV during liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIntravenous fluids are not necessary, and in fact are contraindicated with tumescent liposuction because the large volume of dilute tumescent local anesthetic fluid that is injected under the skin is sufficient to replace any fluid that is lost by liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. How long does it take to complete a typical liposuction procedure?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe average patient will be in the surgical facility for 3 to 7 hours. However, the actual surgery may only require 2 to 3 hours. The length of time that it takes to complete a liposuction depends on the size of the patient, the number of areas being treated, and the type of anesthesia being used. Because it takes a certain amount of time to inject local anesthesia, it usually takes longer to do liposuction using local anesthesia than it does using general anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. What is the safest form of liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tTumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia is the safest form of liposuction. Liposuction using general anesthesia or heavy IV sedation is somewhat less safe than liposuction totally by local anesthesia. The greatest danger of using general anesthesia or heavy IV sedation is that these forms of systemic anesthesia permit a surgeon to do too much liposuction on the same day and permit multiple unrelated cosmetic procedures on the same day as liposuction. If a patient desires a large amount of liposuction, or multiple unrelated cosmetic surgical procedures, it is safest to do the liposuction on two or three separate occasions, each separated by three to four weeks, and to not do unrelated surgical procedures on the same day as liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. What is a liposuction cannula?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMicrocannulas permit smoother results after liposuction. A liposuction cannula is a small stainless steel tube that is inserted through an incision in the skin and removes subcutaneous fat. The fat is suctioned through the cannula, then through a long flexible plastic tube that attaches the cannula to a vacuum pump.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. What is a microcannula?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tTumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia requires the use of very small cannulas or microcannulas. Microcannulas have an outside diameter = 2.8 mm. Microcannulas permit a more delicate and gentle approach to liposuction than can be achieved using larger cannulas. Because microcannulas require a minimal amount of force to be pushed through fatty tissue, the surgeon can control the direction and position of the cannula with much more accuracy: The ultimate result is a greatly reduced risk of inadvertently approaching too close to the undersurface of the skin and unintentionally causing irregularities.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. Is the ultrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL) technique safe and effective?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUAL is neither as safe nor as effective as traditional liposuction. See Risks of Ultrasonic Liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t9. Is power-assisted liposuction (using oscillating or vibrating cannulas) safe and effective?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPower assisted liposuction (PAL) uses a machine-powered cannula that oscillates in and out or vibrates very fast. PAL is relatively new and somewhat controversial. Manufacturers of these devices and some surgeons are enthusiastic about PAL and believe it makes liposuction easier. Other surgeons remain skeptical and have not found there to be any advantage in using PAL.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_obesity":"FAQ: Obesity and Fat Cells -  Liposuction.com","page_content_obesity":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Obesity and Fat Cells<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. Is liposuction a reasonable treatment for obesity?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction is not a good treatment of obesity. Liposuction is not effective, even as a last resort, for people who are unable to lose weight by dieting and exercise. Obese patients almost always regain the weight that is removed by liposuction unless there is a dramatic reduction in calorie intake (by dieting) or a significant increase in calorie expenditure (by exercising). Whenever large volume liposuction has been used in an attempt to treat obesity by surgery, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of serious surgical complications. It is not safe to remove huge amounts of fat by liposuction. It is dangerous to remove more than 8 to 10 pounds of fat by liposuction in a single day. Thus, liposuction will not be of any significant benefit for an obese patient who believes that liposuction will aid in the effort to lose weight.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tOn the other hand, an overweight person whose weight has been stable for many years and has certain problem-areas of fat may be a good candidate for liposuction. Liposuction in an obese patient is reasonable when the goal is to improve a troublesome body contour area. It is not reasonable to use liposuction as a surgical technique for weight loss.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. Are some localized areas of fat resistant to diet and exercise?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tYes. Fat located in any area of the body, and especially the abdomen, hips, and under the chin is often resistant to diet or exercise. Similarly, after pregnancy, the fat on the abdomen and hips may persist despite concerted efforts at dieting and exercising.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. Are some localized areas of fat inherited?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tYes. Localized accumulations of fat are often inherited and frequently impossible to eliminate by exercise or dieting. After the age of 30, an individual often gains fat according to a genetically predetermined pattern. For these people, liposuction is literally a dream come true. Liposuction is the only realist means of significantly changing the body&rsquo;s silhouette. In effect, liposuction is equivalent to being able to focus the effects of dieting to specific areas of the body.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. Does the total number of fat cells in the body increase as a person gains weight?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe total number of fat cells in the human body does increase when a person gains a large amount of weight. The normal small daily or weekly fluctuations in a person&rsquo;s weight are usually associated with an incremental increase or decrease in the average size of the individual&rsquo;s fat cells. However, there is a maximum size to which fat cells can grow. With significant weight gain new fat cells are created from fibroblasts. On the other hand, when a patient loses a substantial amount of weight by dieting, the fat cells simply shrink in size but do not necessarily diminish in number. Thus, if liposuction is done on a patient who had previously been obese but who had lost a considerable amount of weight by the time of liposuction , then the surgeon will typically need to remove the same number of fat cells as if the person had remained obese.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_postop-pain":"FAQ: Post-Op Pain and Discomfort -  Liposuction.com","page_content_postop-pain":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Post-Op Pain and Discomfort<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. How long after liposuction will the soreness or tenderness persist?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDuring the two days immediately after liposuction, the amount of pain experienced depends on the type of anesthesia used for liposuction. Local anesthesia usually persists for more than 24 hours after surgery. Liposuction under general anesthesia, without using local anesthesia at the same time, is much more painful and typically requires narcotic analgesia.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDuring the days and weeks following liposuction, the degree of soreness and swelling is a function of the type of aftercare procedures employed. Soreness is usually the most intense 2 to 4 days after liposuction and then decreases steadily. The tenderness and soreness typically is quite bothersome for up to 4 weeks, but gradually subsides over the following next 4 to 8 weeks.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. What is the quality of the pain after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tImmediately after tumescent liposuction, the local anesthesia persists for 12 to 24 hours, so that the only discomfort is described as soreness or tenderness. Beginning the day after tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia, the quality of pain is similar to that of a sunburn and to muscle soreness that one might experience after having worked-out too vigorously. This type of pain rarely requires any medication other than acetaminophen (Tylenol).<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. What is the intensity of the pain after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn the hands of surgeons who are skilled in liposuction totally by local aesthesia, patients usually have less discomfort after surgery than when liposuction is done by general anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe intensity of pain immediately after liposuction is quite mild when local anesthesia is used because of the persistence of the local anesthetic effect. After liposuction totally by local anesthesia, patients rarely require any medication other than acetaminophen (Tylenol). When general anesthesia is used without sufficient lidocaine (local anesthetic) in the tumescent solution, the pain is much more intense and often requires the use of narcotic analgesics.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. Do elastic compression garments reduce post-operative pain?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tElastic compression garments can decrease post-liposuction pain if employed with the open-drainage technique. &quot;Open-drainage&quot; refers to the technique of not closing the tiny liposuction incisions with stitches in order to maximize the drainage of inflammation-causing blood-tinged anesthetic solution. Immediately after surgery, elastic garments encourage maximum amount of drainage of blood tinged anesthetic solution, which in turn reduces pain. After all the drainage has ceased, some patients continue to wear a compression garment in order to restrict the movement or jiggling of the treated areas. This reduces discomfort and gives a feeling of security.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. What can be done to minimize the soreness and swelling after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMuch of the swelling and soreness after liposuction is the result of residual blood tinged anesthetic solution that remains trapped under the skin after liposuction. Red blood cells that have leaked out of blood vessels, and fragments of fatty tissue that escape suction and remain under the skin cause inflammation. Inflammation causes swelling and pain. By encouraging the complete drainage of this blood tinged solution one can minimize soreness and swelling after liposuction. Complete drainage is encouraged by leaving the incision sites open (not closed with stitches) and by wearing an elastic compression garment.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. Will I have to stay in bed during the recovery period?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tNo. Patients are encouraged to walk and to be active after surgery. Most patients who have had tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia can expect to drive a car within 24 to 48 hours, and return to a normal work schedule within 24 to 72 hours. Patients who have had liposuction under general anesthesia tend to need more time off from work and over-all have a longer recovery period.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. Is tumescent liposuction with local anesthesia less painful than under general anesthesia?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSome patients have first had liposuction using general anesthesia prior, and then had more liposuction using the tumescent technique. The vast majority of patients have said that liposuction by the tumescent technique is a dramatically less painful experience than was liposuction under general anesthesia. Infiltrating the local anesthesia by the tumescent technique is typically associated with minimal discomfort. Once the area has been completely numbed, surgery in the area is essentially painless. In addition, because the local anesthesia persists in the treated area for more than 12 hours, there is no pain immediately after the surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. Why is tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia typically less painful than liposuction under general anesthesia?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPain associated with liposuction can occur at three different stages: during the infiltration of the tumescent solution, during liposuction, and postoperatively.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIf the surgeon or nurse who does the tumescent infiltration has had special training in the techniques, then the patient typically has very little pain during the process of injecting the local anesthetic. The technique for infiltrating the solution of tumescent anesthesia requires special skill and training. Without this special training, surgeons must rely on general anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAfter the tumescent local anesthesia has been thoroughly infiltrated into the fat, the subsequent liposuction should be painless.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe postoperative pain after liposuction is much worse for liposuction under general anesthesia compared to liposuction totally by local anesthesia. After tumescent liposuction, the local anesthesia persists for many hours after surgery and patients need only take Tylenol for discomfort. In contrast, with general anesthesia, patients typically require narcotic analgesics to control post operative pain.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tFinally, general anesthesia, and the use of intravenous sedatives and narcotics are associated with high incidence of nausea, vomiting and postoperative chills. Such symptoms are quite unusual with local anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_postop-recovery":"FAQ: Post-Op Recovery -  Liposuction.com","page_content_postop-recovery":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Post-Op Recovery<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. How soon after surgery do I have to return for a post-operative check-up?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPolicies regarding the timing of follow up visits after liposuction vary from surgeon to surgeon. Some surgeons have patients return within a day or two after surgery and again a week later. For example, if a surgeon closes incisions with stitches, then the patient usually must return a week after surgery for suture removal. On the other hand, when the tiny incisions are not closed with stitches, then the surgeon can usually follow up with the patient by telephone. Thus, while patients are informed that they may return at any time for a follow-up visit, most patients will only return for a personal encounter if there is a specific concern or problem.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. How long do I remain in the surgical facility after tumescent liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWhen liposuction is done totally by local anesthesia, patients can usually depart from the surgical facility within 30 minutes of the completion of surgery. When general anesthesia is employed, then patients usually require one to three hours of post-anesthesia observation before being discharged home.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. How soon can patients go home after tumescent liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAfter liposuction when general anesthesia is used, patients must be observed in a recovery room until it can be determined that blood pressure is not too low, and that there are no significant post-operative problems such as dizziness or nausea and vomiting. With the Tumescent Technique, there is virtually no blood loss and with local anesthesia there is rarely any nausea. After completion of liposuction by the tumescent technique, patients are discharged home in about 30 minutes.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. How long until I see results?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe length of time until the post-operative swelling has decreased and the permanent results of liposuction become visible depends on the surgeon&#39;s technique. If the surgeon uses the &quot;open-drainage&quot; technique where incisions are not closed with stitches, then most patients can expect 90% of the swelling to resolve in about 4 weeks. If the surgeon closes all of the incisions with stitches, then significant swelling may persist for 8 to 10 weeks.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. What is a seroma?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tA seroma is a collection of serum (also known as lymph fluid) within a cavity inside the body. Serum is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that remains after the red blood cells (which transport oxygen to the body&#39;s tissues), and white blood cells (which fight infections) have been removed. A seroma can occur after liposuction. It is generally a nuisance, but not a serious complication. Without treatment, a seroma will usually resolve slowly over several weeks to many months. To accelerate the disappearance of a seroma, the surgeon may remove the serum by inserting a needle and draining the seroma into a syringe. Seromas may be caused by the use of large diameter liposuction cannulas, or excessively aggressive liposuction in a localized area of fat. Seromas are a common adverse result of ultrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL). Seromas rarely occur when surgeons use the tumescent liposuction with microcannulas and use the &quot;open-drainage&quot; technique for post-liposuction care.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. What causes the seromas associated with liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSeromas after liposuction are the result of surgical trauma which injures or destroys the lymphatic vessels within the targeted fatty tissue. Lymphatic vessels are tiny, thin-walled tubular structures located throughout the body, and have the specific function of draining tissues of fluids that leak out of capillary blood vessels. Excessively large liposuction cannulas not only create large empty pockets within targeted fatty tissues, but also remove lymphatic vessels. Both of these conditions encourage the formation of seromas after liposuction. Unfortunately, seromas are a common problem after ultrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL). Ultrasonic liposuction cannulas create a considerable amount of heat which injures blood vessels as well as the delicate lymphatic vessels. Without lymphatic vessels to drain away excessive lymph fluid, the fluid collects within the excavated spaces in the fatty created by the liposuction process.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. How can seromas be prevented?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSeromas are prevented by 1) avoiding excessive surgical trauma to the delicate lymphatic vessels within fat, and 2) by encouraging post-operative drainage of lymph fluid (serum) from the fatty tissues treated by liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tFirst, the use of microcannulas can reduce the risk of seromas. Micro-cannulas are relatively small liposuction cannulas having an outside diameter less than 3 millimeters. By making relatively small tunnels within the targeted fat, micro-cannulas do not create large empty cavities within which a seroma can form as readily as larger cannulas. Large cannulas remove fat more rapidly, but are more likely to cause seromas because large cannulas tend to damage lymphatic vessels, and create larger cavities within the fat.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSecond, when incisions are closed with stitches, a relatively large amount of fluid is trapped under the skin where it collects and stagnates in the tunnels within the fat, thus causing a seroma. By not closing incisions with stitches (the &quot;open-drainage&quot; technique) and by using efficient compression garments, the drainage of blood tinged tumescent anesthetic solution and the lymphatic exudates is encouraged. Compression garments squeeze the walls of the empty tunnels together, which encourages the tunnel walls to adhere and grow together thereby obliterating the empty cavities in which seromas tend to form.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. Do elastic compression garments prevent seromas?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tCompression garments can help prevent seromas. Compression garments reduce both the number and size of seromas. The most important measure in the prevention of seromas is the use of micro-cannulas to reduce the degree of surgical trauma caused by liposuction. The surgical trauma is reduced by doing liposuction using only micro-cannulas (outside diameter less than 2.8 mm) and by not using ultrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL).<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t9. How before beginning normal activities after tumescent liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMost patients can return to a desk-type job with two days after tumescent liposuction. Because of the significant decrease in swelling, inflammation and pain after tumescent liposuction, patients are able to return to normal physical activities very soon after tumescent liposuction. There is no limitation to physical activity other than what common sense would dictate. Some patients are able to return to jogging, golf, light aerobic exercise within a day or two after surgery. Some patients do find the soreness after surgery more significant than others, but on the average, most patients are quite surprised at how quickly they are able to return to normal activity.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t10. How long before I can get out of bed and begin walking?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIdeally one should never be confined to bed after liposuction. In order to avoid the risks of blood clot formation in the legs or lungs, most liposuction surgeons recommend immediate walking on the evening of surgery. The amount of liposuction attempted on a single day is probably excessive if the patient cannot get out of bed and walk around the house on the night of surgery, and walk around outside the house the day after surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t11. How long before I can go back to work?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMost patients should be able to return to normal desk-type work within 1 to 3 days after liposuction. Although soreness and tenderness will limit the speed with which a patient can move about, patients should be reasonably comfortable while sitting at a desk or working at a computer.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe more areas treated by liposuction on a single day, the more soreness and disability the patient can expect. Patients, who have liposuction on only one or two areas, should usually be able to return to work in less than 24 to 48 hours. Thus, a patient who has liposuction on a total of 4 areas may not miss any time off from work if only two areas are treated at a time, and the two surgery days are at least one month apart. In contrast, after liposuction of four areas on a single day, a patient may require one week of bed rest and recuperation at home.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t12. How long until I can exercise?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWithin one to two days after surgery, all patients should be physically able to walk around inside the house and go for short walks around the neighborhood. Remaining in bed and not walking increases the risk for blood clots in the legs and lungs. One of the reasons that excessive liposuction surgery on a single day is so dangerous, is that too much surgery may require pronged bed rest, which increases the risk of fatal blood clots in the lungs.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMost patients can resume their routine exercising within a few days after liposuction. Initially, patients should not attempt too much exercise. It is recommended that patients start out by doing about 25% of their usual amount of exercise, and thereafter increase their daily exercise as tolerated.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t13. How long before I can fly in an airplane?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUnless the surgeon gives explicit instructions to avoid flying, most patients can fly on a commercial airline within 24 hours after liposuction. For many weeks after surgery, patients must avoid prolonged sitting in a car or airplane. Prolonged sedentary inactivity (such as sitting in an airplane for long intervals) increases the risk for deep-vein thrombosis (blood clots) in the legs and the risk that such a blood clot might travel from a leg to the lungs causing a pulmonary thromboembolus.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t14. How long before I can have sex?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThere are no restrictions regarding sexual activity after liposuction other than limitations imposed by postoperative soreness and tenderness of the treated areas. Otherwise liposuction usually does not interfere with a patient having gentle sexual encounters.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t15. How long will the bruising and swelling last?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe duration of bruising and swelling after liposuction usually depends on the post-operative care technique used by the surgeon. The amount of bruising varies considerably between patients.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe tumescent technique for liposuction used together with the &quot;open-drainage&quot; technique (skin incisions are not closed with stitches) reduces the amount of bruising after liposuction. With tumescent liposuction, bruising is nearly absent one to two weeks after surgery in most patients.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tBy not using stitches to close incision sites, the rate of drainage of the blood-tinged anesthetic solution is accelerated. This minimizes the amount of bruising.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t16. How long will the swelling last?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWith open-drainage (incisions are not closed with stitches) and appropriate compression garments (worn for 3 to 6 days) swelling is 90% resolved 4 weeks after liposuction. When incisions are closed with stitches (trapping residual blood-tinged tumescent fluid beneath the skin) swelling persists for much longer, and is typically 90% resolved after 8 to 12 weeks. With ultrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL) significant swelling can persist for many months.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t17. How can postoperative swelling, bruising, and tenderness be minimized?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tNew techniques for post-liposuction care allow more rapid recovery, less bruising, less swelling and less prolonged tenderness. This is achieved by encouraging rapid &quot;open drainage&quot; of residual blood-tinged solution of tumescent local anesthesia. By allowing the tiny incision sites to remain open without being closed by stitches and by using special absorptive pads (HK Pads) together with post-operative elastic compression garments bruising, swelling and pain can be minimized. With open drainage, patients can usually see dramatic improvements within two to four weeks after surgery, and they can expect to see 90 percent of the final result within 4 to 6 weeks. With older techniques that closed incisions with sutures, the ultimate results following liposuction usually require 12 to 16 weeks to become fully apparent.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t18. If my liposuction surgery is divided into two or more surgeries performed on separate days, how much time should there be between surgeries?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThere is no strict rule concerning the optimal amount of time between successive liposuction surgeries. Safety concerns are more important than is any consideration about convenience for the patient or surgeon. Experience has shown that performing sequential surgeries within 24 to 48 hours of each other is associated with increased risks of serious complications. Waiting approximately 3 to 4 weeks between sequential surgeries allows the body to recover sufficiently to minimize the risks of blood clots, excessive bleeding, skin necrosis and infections.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_realistic-expectations":"FAQ: Realistic Expectations -  Liposuction.com","page_content_realistic-expectations":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Realistic Expectations<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. Does liposuction produce permanent results?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAfter liposuction, the new body&rsquo;s shape is more or less permanent. If a patient does gain a moderate amount of weight after liposuction, then the figure will simply be a larger version of the new body shape. Fat cells that are removed by liposuction do not grow back. If the patient does not gain excessive amounts of weight, then the new more pleasing silhouette is permanent. Of course after liposuction, the clock keeps ticking, and advancing age will produce the usual changes in the shape of the body associated with the aging process. Nevertheless, the benefits of liposuction will always be apparent.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. How much weight can I lose by liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPatients should not expect to lose a dramatic amount of weight with liposuction. However, because fat is removed from cosmetically important areas, liposuction should produce significant improvements in aesthetic appearance. Although liposuction should not be regarded as a method for weight loss, in appropriate patients it can produce significant cosmetic improvements.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. Will the fat cells grow back after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction removes fat cells permanently. The fat cells that are removed by liposuction can never come back, however, if the patient gains a significant amount of weight, then new fat cell can develop. With a small weight gain, existing fat cells simply get bigger by accumulating more fat within the existing cell. However, with an increase of more than 10% of body weight, one can expect new fat cell development in all areas of the body, including areas previously treated by liposuction. As an adult gains larger amounts of weight, increasing numbers of fat cells (lipocytes) are formed from existing pleuripotential connective tissue cells by a process of differentiation. Existing connective tissue cells first change into immature fat cells<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t(lipoblasts), and then develop into mature fat cells with progressive obesity.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. What happens if I gain weight after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe more weight a patient gains after liposuction, the less dramatic the results of liposuction will be. Ideally a patient should weigh less after liposuction by an amount equal to the weight of the removed fat. Thus, after 150 pound woman has two liposuction surgeries, where each surgery removes 4 pounds of fat (total of 8 pounds, equal one gallon), she should ideally keep her weight at or below 142 pounds. However, if she gains 8 pounds and thus weighs 150 pounds six months after liposuction, then the cosmetic results will still be pleasing but not optimal. And if she were to weigh 160 pounds after liposuction, then she would still look better than if she had not had liposuction, and her clothes might fit better, but her results would be less than ideal.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. If I gain weight, does fat come back in the treated areas?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tFat usually does not come back in treated areas provided the patient does not gain a significant amount of weight after the surgery. If the patient gains a significant amount of weight, then fat can return to an area previously treated by liposuction. With increasing weight the degree of fat accumulation in a previously treated area is proportionately less than in untreated areas. After liposuction, relatively less fat accumulates in treated areas compared to untreated areas.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. Where does the fat go when a person gains weight after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIf a patient gains a significant amount of weight, say more than 10 pounds (5 kg), after liposuction, then the fat must go somewhere on the body. In fact, the fat accumulates in all areas of the body in proportion to the amount of fat cells in each area. Areas where fat cells have been removed by liposuction will accumulate relatively little fat, while in areas not treated by liposuction relatively more fat will be deposited. For example, if a woman gains weight after liposuction of her hips, outer thighs, and abdomen, then proportionally more of the fat will be deposited elsewhere such as the woman&rsquo;s breasts, face, back and legs.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. If I do not gain weight, does fat come back in the treated areas?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIf a patient does not gain weight after liposuction, then fat does not come back in the treated areas. However liposuction does not stop the aging process. It is natural for the size and location of the body&rsquo;s fat deposits to change gradually with increasing age. Despite expected changes with aging, the results of a successful liposuction should always be apparent.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. What can I expect if I get pregnant after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tPregnancy does not permanently alter the results of liposuction. If a woman has liposuction and subsequently becomes pregnant, gains weight, gives birth and finally loses the excess weight of pregnancy, then her original liposuction improvements will return, just as if she had never been pregnant.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t9. How much fat can be removed? How many pounds?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe maximum amount of fat that can be removed safely is probably about 6 to 8 pounds (3 to 4 liters). The greater the volume of fat removed on a single day the greater the risk of serious complications. If a patient requires removal of more than 6 to 8 pounds of fat, it is safest to divide the liposuction into separate surgical procedures each separated by 3 to 4 weeks.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t10.How long will it be until I see results?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMost patients will see 90% of their ultimate liposuction results with in one to three months after surgery. For the first few weeks after surgery there is postoperative swelling. The rate at which this swelling subsides depends on the surgeon&rsquo;s surgical technique and method for postoperative care. Ultrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL) is associated with prolonged postoperative swelling. When the surgeon&rsquo;s operative technique uses adits (round holes) that are left open, instead of linear incisions closed with stitches, patients can expect to see 90 % of the ultimate results within four weeks. When the surgeon closes the incisions with stitches, swelling usually resolves within 8 to 12 weeks.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t11. Will liposuction help cellulite (cottage-cheese like dimpling) or sagging skin?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tNo. Cellulite or sagging skin usually does not improve to a significant degree after liposuction. Liposuction improves the shape of the body, but does not significantly improve the quality of skin texture<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t12. Will liposuction improve the fat stomach I acquired after my last baby?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tYes. Liposuction typically provides excellent improvement of the abdomen after pregnancy. In fact, for the vast majority of patients, liposuction provides a better and more natural appearance than a tummy tuck.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_skin-quality":"FAQ: Skin Quality and Scars -  Liposuction.com","page_content_skin-quality":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Skin Quality and Scars<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. How does my skin elasticity affect the results of liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe appearance of skin after liposuction depends on the skin&rsquo;s elasticity. Skin with good elasticity should look smooth and natural after liposuction. Even with poor skin elasticity, the skin usually looks good after liposuction. Younger people generally have better skin elasticity than older people. People who have previously been obese and subsequently lost a great deal of weight will have less skin elasticity than someone who has never been obese.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. I am older and don&rsquo;t have much skin elasticity, can liposuction still work?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWith poor elasticity, liposuction in some areas of the body (such as the inner thighs or upper abdomen) may show some degree of skin wrinkling. The degree of wrinkling after liposuction is approximately the same as one might expect if the patient had lost the same amount of fat from the area by dieting. Even with poor skin elasticity, the cosmetic benefits of liposuction often outweigh any noticeable increase in skin wrinkling.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. How does liposuction affect the appearance of the skin?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe usual degree of skin change seen after liposuction is the same change that one would see if it were possible to lose an equal amount of fat in these localized areas simply by dieting. Liposuction cannulas make small tunnels in the fat, and leave multiple attachments between the skin and the underlying muscle tissue. These fibrous connections contract during the healing process and maintain the skin in its natural position. In patients who have good skin elasticity, tumescent liposuction generally does not result in excessive folds of skin. Liposuction generally does not cause the skin to appear more wrinkled. Liposuction can often significantly improve folds of fat and skin on the back below the bra. Pre-existing wrinkles on the inner thighs and upper abdomen are generally not made worse or improved by liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. Can liposuction improve sagging abdominal skin?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction dramatically improves the appearance of the abdomen in the vast majority of women. By removing the heavy fat that causes abdominal sagginess, liposuction allows the skin&rsquo;s natural elasticity to retract and elevate the skin. In order for liposuction to improve abdominal sagginess the skin must have some elasticity and there must be some subcutaneous abdominal fat that can be removed by liposuction. Only in relativity few cases, where the skin has little or no elasticity and little or no subcutaneous fat, liposuction cannot improve a sagging abdomen.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. Is the skin different on the upper and lower abdomen?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe skin of the lower abdomen and that of the upper abdomen appear to behave differently following liposuction. In older patients, the lower abdominal skin may appear smoother than the skin of the upper abdomen after liposuction. This difference in appearance after liposuction is attributable to 1) differences between the contractile properties of the subcutaneous fat of the lower and upper abdomen, and 2) differences in flexibility of the spinal column (back bone) at different levels.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe subcutaneous fat of the lower abdomen contracts so well because it contains Scarpa&rsquo;s facsia, a unique membrane with elastic properties. Scarps&rsquo;s facsia is a single layer that extends through the lower abdominal fat from the umbilicus (belly button) to the pubic area and from hip bone to hip bone. Even if the lower abdomen has an apron of fat that hangs over the pubic area, liposuction of the lower abdomen usually produces dramatic improvements as a result of the excellent contraction of the subcutaneous tissue and skin of the lower abdomen.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tBecause the backbone is more flexible at the level of the upper abdomen, creases and folds tend to appear in the upper abdominal skin when the patient bends forward. Such folds in the upper abdominal skin are more apparent after liposuction and in older patients.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. How much scarring can I expect?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tScars with liposuction can occur, but it is usually minimal. One of the most attractive features of liposuction is that the incisions are so small and the thus the scars are also quite small. The amount or degree of scarring depends on both the surgeon&rsquo;s technique and the patient&rsquo;s genetic or inherited scarring tendency.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. Does liposuction produce visible scars?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tScars are not a common problem with modern liposuction which uses very small cannulas (microcannulas) and thus only very small incision are required. Most liposuction scars fade and disappear with time. Visible scars are more likely when large liposuction cannulas are used, and in patients who have darkly pigmented skin.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. What types of scars occur with liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThere are two types of marks that can remain on the skin after liposuction. One is a true scar, and the other is known as dyschromia with a dark (hyper-pigmented) or light (hypo-pigmented) spot on the skin. Any incision in the skin can result in a scar. Fortunately most of the scars associated with liposuction are either so small that they become virtually invisible or the scar is strategically located on an area of the body where the scar in not easily seen.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t9. Why do incision sites become darkly pigmented in some patients?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAny type of injury to the skin can produce inflammation which in turn produces post-inflammatory hyper-pigmentation. An incision, acne pimple, insect bite, or a rash from poison oak can produce post-inflammatory hyper-pigmentation. The darker a patient&rsquo;s natural pigmentation, the more intense (darker) and more persistent is a spot created by post inflammatory hyper-pigmentation. In lightly pigmented skin post-inflammatory hyper-pigmentation usually disappears in less than six months, but in darkly pigmented skin may last for 2 to 4 years or more.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t10. What causes hypo-pigmentation or loss of pigmentation at incision sites?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSometimes trauma to an incision site due to excessive friction from the in-and-out movement of the cannula can produce a persistent loss of pigmentation at the sight of the incision. For example, liposuction causes the fatty tissue in that area to become fibrous as a result of scar tissue in the fat. This fibrous scarring of the fat can persist for years. If liposuction is done again in the same area, the fat will be very difficult to penetrate with a liposuction cannula. The extra force and effort, and the extra number of strokes required to do effective liposuction may produce friction injury at the incision site. Such a friction can injure or kill some of the pigment cells surrounding the incision site, which results in a loss of pigment and hypo-pigmentation.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_surgical-facility":"FAQ: Surgical Facility Safety -  Liposuction.com","page_content_surgical-facility":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Surgical Facility Safety<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. Where Is Liposuction Performed?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction can be performed in a doctor&rsquo;s office, in an outpatient surgery center, or in a hospital.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. What are the Important Characteristics of a Safe Surgical Facility?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tA safe surgical facility for liposuction must be able to minimize the risks of surgical infections. Surgeries should be done in operating rooms that maintain high standards for cleanliness. All surgical instruments should be steam-sterilized. Cold sterilization of liposuction instruments is below the standard of care. A safe surgical facility should be well equipped and the staff should be well trained to diagnose and initiate treatment of surgical emergencies. A safe surgical facility should have well organized written policies and procedures designed to minimize the risks of complications.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. Is it safe to have liposuction in a surgeon&rsquo;s office?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIf the surgeon&rsquo;s office is properly equipped and well organized, then liposuction can be done safely in the office. Although office accreditation is not essential, liposuction surgeries are best performed in an office surgical facility that is an accredited or state licensed surgery center. Accreditation of a surgeon&rsquo;s office documents that the facility has passed an inspection and has strict policies and procedures for patient safety. A state licensed surgery center has met the same high standard required of hospitals. Accreditation or state licensure demonstrates an extra effort to optimize patient safety.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. Does Liposuction Safety Require Surgery in a Hospital?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tNo. The vast majority of liposuction surgeries are performed in an office or outpatient surgical facility. Liposuction in an accredited office is probably safer than liposuction done in a hospital. Liposuction in the hospital seems to be more dangerous. One possible explanation for this is that liposuction surgery in the hospital tends to be accomplished under general anesthesia which permits both excessive amounts of liposuction and the simultaneous performance of multiple unrelated surgical procedures at the same time as liposuction. Hospital surgery is associated with an increased risk of surgical wound infections.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. Should I Only Choose a Surgeon Who Has an Accredited Office?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tOffice accreditation is not an absolute requirement for doing safe liposuction surgery. However office accreditation is desirable. Office accreditation is an indication that the surgeon and office staff have gone to the effort and expense of implementing comprehensive written policies and procedures in the hopes of improving patient safety. Office accreditation does not guarantee that there is no risk of a serious liposuction complication. And there are many office-based surgical practices that have an outstanding record for surgical safety, where the office has not sought to become accredited. Office accreditation is a relatively new trend, and many offices have yet to become accredited.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_tumescent-lipo":"FAQ: Tumescent Liposuction -  Liposuction.com","page_content_tumescent-lipo":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Tumescent Liposuction<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. What is the definition of the word tumescent?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe word tumescent means swollen and firm.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. What is the tumescent technique?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe tumescent technique for local anesthesia involves the injection of large volumes of very dilute lidocaine (local anesthetic) and epinephrine (drug that shrinks capillaries) into subcutaneous fat. The word tumescent means swollen and firm. With the tumescent technique, the volume of dilute lidocaine that is injected into fat is so large that the targeted areas literally become tumescent (swollen and firm). The tumescent technique produces profound and long-lasting local anesthesia of the skin and subcutaneous fat. Tumescent liposuction designates a form of liposuction that uses tumescent local anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. What is tumescent liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe word tumescent refers to anything that is swollen and firm. In the tumescent technique for liposuction, a large volume of very dilute solution of local anesthesia (lidocaine and epinephrine) is infiltrated (injected) into the fat beneath the skin, causing the targeted area to become tumescent, in other words, swollen and firm. The local anesthetic lidocaine in the tumescent solution provides such complete local anesthesia, that it eliminates the need for general anesthesia, or IV sedation. The drug epinephrine (adrenalin) provides profound localized vasoconstriction that it virtually eliminates surgical bleeding during tumescent liposuction. By eliminating the risks of general anesthesia and the risks of excessive surgical bleeding, the tumescent technique for liposuction totally by local anesthesia has eliminated the greatest dangers associated with the older forms of liposuction.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. What are the benefits of tumescent liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLocal anesthesia used in the tumescent technique for liposuction is so effective that patients no longer need intravenous sedatives, narcotic analgesics, or general anesthesia. As a result of the widespread capillary constriction caused by the epinephrine in the anesthetic solution, there is minimal bleeding during and after surgery. This is a major improvement in the liposuction technique compared to the older methods that simply use general anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. What is the history of the tumescent technique?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction was initially developed in 1978-1982 in Italy and France, and introduced into the United States in 1982. At that time, liposuction could only be performed under general anesthesia, and was associated with so much blood loss that patients frequently required hospitalization and blood transfusions. In 1985, Dr. Jeffrey A. Klein, M.D., a dermatologist in California, revolutionized liposuction surgery when he developed the tumescent technique, which permits liposuction totally by local anesthesia and virtually eliminates surgical blood loss. Dr. Klein first presented the tumescent technique at a medical meeting in Philadelphia in 1986. The first publication describing the technique was published in the American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery in 1987. Because the tumescent technique is by far the safest form of liposuction, it has become the world wide standard of care. Not only has the tumescent technique proven to be safer than the older techniques that required general anesthesia, it has also proven to be less painful, has minimized post-operative recovery time, and has produced optimal cosmetic results.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. How much blood is lost during tumescent liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe tumescent technique is so effective at minimizing blood loss that the majority of patients lose approximately 15 to 30 ml (1 to 2 tablespoons) of blood during large volume liposuction. This is the same volume of blood that is taken for routine pre-operative laboratory studies. In the days before the advent of the tumescent technique, the biggest risk of liposuction was excessive loss of blood during surgery. In fact, many surgeons required their patients to donate their own blood several weeks before surgery, and then during surgery, the blood would be returned to the patient by transfusion. With the advent of the tumescent technique, blood transfusions are no longer a part of liposuction surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. How does the tumescent technique reduce bruising after liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThere is dramatically less bruising with tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia compared to other liposuction techniques under general anesthesia. There are two reasons for this significant decrease in bruising. First, because there is so little blood loss with the tumescent technique, there is almost no blood that remains beneath the skin to cause bruising after surgery. The second reason for decreased bruising is that with the tumescent technique there is a considerable amount of post-operative drainage of the blood tinged anesthetic solution. The incisions are so small (about 1.5 mm), the incisions do not require stitches. By allowing these wounds to remain open for two to three days after the surgery, most of the residual blood-tinged anesthetic solution drains out. This minimizes bruising and swelling and accelerates the rate of healing.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. Have there been any deaths related to tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tNo. There have been no reported deaths associated with tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia. Virtually all deaths associated with liposuction have been associated with 1) multiple unrelated surgical procedures performed on the same day (facelift, breast augmentation, hysterectomy, etc), 2) excessive amounts of liposuction or an excessive number of body areas treated by liposuction on a single day, 3) the use of general anesthesia or heavy IV sedation with narcotics. Liposuction is an extremely safe procedure provided the patient is not exposed to excessive surgical trauma, excessive narcotic analgesics, or prolonged use of general anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_tummy-tucks":"FAQ: About Tummy Tucks -  Liposuction.com","page_content_tummy-tucks":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: About Tummy Tucks<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. What is a tummy tuck?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tA tummy tuck (abdominoplasty) is a major surgical procedure requiring general anesthesia, and involves liposuction and excision to remove fat, plus a large excision of skin. The typical result is usually a flatter tummy with a large scar extending from the pubic area to the lower abdomen to anterior hips. Because the surgeon can directly visualize the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall during a tummy tuck, lax abdominal muscles can be surgically tightened during a tummy tuck procedure. Before the invention of liposuction, a tummy tuck was the only surgical method for removing excessive abdominal fat. In many patients (but not all) liposuction of the abdomen can often provide equivalent or better results than a tummy tuck. Because liposuction is safer and causes less scarring compared to tummy tucks, abdominal liposuction is now far more common than are tummy tucks.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. How does abdominal liposuction differ from a &quot;tummy tuck&quot;?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiposuction of the abdomen removes most of the fat found under the skin and above the abdominal muscles. When patients have good abdominal muscle tone, liposuction can provide a dramatic improvement, with a natural appearance of the abdomen, and with minimal scarring. In the vast majority of liposuction patients, the natural elasticity of abdominal skin contracts smoothly, and there is no need to surgically remove skin. Tummy tuck usually involves liposuction to remove fat plus the surgical removal of a large section of skin from the lower abdomen, together with a surgical relocation of the belly button. A tummy tuck can result in an unsightly scar that extends across the entire lower abdomen, just above the pubic area in addition to an unnatural appearance of the belly button. The recovery after liposuction is much safer, quicker and easier than the recovery after a tummy tuck.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. What are the advantages of a tummy tuck (compared to liposuction)?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe only patients for whom a tummy tuck is superior to abdominal liposuction are the relatively few women having extreme degrees of lower abdominal skin laxity, unusually extensive stretch marks, or severely stretched abdominal muscles (as a result of pregnancy). Tummy tuck surgically removes skin with severe stretch-marks (striae-distensae). Liposuction does not remove stretch marks. A tummy tuck can produce a flatter abdominal wall by tightening the abdominal muscles. Liposuction is appropriate for patients who have abdominal muscles that have not be excessively stretched out of shape by pregnancy. A tummy tuck can remove excessive amounts of loose abdominal skin. However, loose abdominal skin does not mean that a tummy tuck is necessary. After liposuction, abdominal skin often contracts to a surprising degree so that an excision is not necessary.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. What are the disadvantages of a tummy tuck?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tTummy tucks are often associated with ugly scars producing a deformed appearance of the pubic and lower abdominal areas. Although the lower abdominal area is usually covered when a bathing suit is worn, the scars are quite apparent without clothes. The removal of a large segment of lower abdominal skin requires that the belly-button be repositioned and surgically reconstructed. A surgically altered belly button often does not have a natural appearance. Tummy tucks are far more dangerous than abdominal liposuction. Tummy tuck surgery has a much higher risk surgical complications such as blood clots in the lung (pulmonary embolism) compared to liposuction. In most cases, liposuction alone, without a tummy tuck, produces excellent cosmetic results and avoids the risks and additional expenses associated with a tummy tuck.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. When is liposuction sufficient and when is a tummy tuck necessary?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe majority of female patients who have excessive abdominal fat find that they are very happy with the results of a simple abdominal liposuction. Several months after having had an abdominal liposuction, the vast majority of women are so happy with their results that they decline a subsequent tummy tuck.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. Is the cost of a tummy tuck greater than liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tTummy tucks are approximately twice as expensive as liposuction of the abdomen. The recovery time required before a person can return to work after a tummy tuck is typically two to four times longer than after liposuction of the abdomen.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. If liposuction is safer, what are the reasons for doing a tummy tuck?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAbdominal liposuction is safer, gives superior cosmetic results, and has a more natural appearance without disfiguring surgical scars. Thus, liposuction has now largely replaced tummy tuck surgery as the preferred technique for improving the silhouette of the abdomen. There is another reason why a surgeon might recommend a tummy tuck. Some surgeons and some patients believe the aesthetics benefits of a maximally flat tummy outweigh the disadvantages of an abnormal appearance of the belly button and the unnatural appearance of the lower abdominal scar. Patients should be aware of this issue when deciding on liposuction or a tummy tuck.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. How can one minimize the risk of complications associated with a tummy tuck?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWhen a tummy tuck is indicated, some surgeons believe it is safer to first do a liposuction and then, several months later, do the tummy tuck. Often the patient is so pleased with the initial liposuction that she no longer sees a need for a tummy tuck. Second, if the results of the liposuction are not sufficient, then dividing liposuction and tummy tuck into two separate relatively minor surgical procedures is usually much safer than one major surgery.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_anxiety":"FAQ: Anxiety and Anesthesia -  Liposuction.com","page_content_anxiety":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>FAQ: Anxiety and Anesthesia<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\t1. What is anxiety?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAnxiety is the quality or state of mind wherein a person is anxious, worried, nervous, uneasy, or apprehensive about some forthcoming event, such as a surgery.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t2. Is it normal to be anxious before having liposuction surgery?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tYes. Almost everyone has some degree of anxiety before having a surgical procedure, including liposuction. Some people have more anxiety than others. Although liposuction patients do experience some post-operative soreness and tenderness, patients who have had liposuction with tumescent local anesthesia rarely require any medication for pain other than Tylenol.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t3. What medications are available to treat Anxiety prior to surgery?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tMedications that reduce anxiety are known as anxiolytics. Relatively small doses of the group of drugs known as benzodiazepines, which includes alprazolam (Xanax), diazepam (Valium), flurazepam (Dalmane), lorazepam (Ativan), midazolam (Versed), and triazolam (Halcion) can reduce anxiety. At higher doses, these drugs cause sedation. An excessive dose of any of these drugs can impair a persons breathing. It is common for a liposuction surgeon to prescribe a benzodiazepine pill to be taken the night before surgery. An additional dose is often given immediately before surgery. A different type of drug known as clonidine is a potent pill for reducing anxiety. Clonidine has the advantage of not impairing a patient&#39;s breathing.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t4. Can I have liposuction totally by local anesthesia if I am afraid of needles?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIt is natural to have some anxiety about needles. With the help of mild anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) medications taken by mouth, the vast majority of people do well with tumescent infiltration and liposuction. Fewer than 5 percent of patients require intravenous (IV) sedative medications. However, there probably are some patients who are so terrified of needles that they choose to have liposuction by general anesthesia. Each patient must make the decision about which type of anesthesia is preferable. On one hand, liposuction totally by local anesthesia performed by an expert is safer and usually associated with less pain overall than general anesthesia. On the other hand, for patients who are terrified by the prospect of needles and surgery, general anesthesia might be more easily tolerated.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t5. Can general anesthesia be used safely for liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tYes. Liposuction with general anesthesia can be done safely provided 1) an anesthesiologist is present to administer the anesthetic, 2) the surgeon does not attempt to remove too much fat, nor attempt to treat too many areas on the same day, and 3) the surgeon does not do other surgeries unrelated to liposuction on the same day.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t6. Is an anesthesiologist necessary?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAn anesthesiologist should be present whenever a patient is given general anesthesia. Anesthesiologists are specialists who are trained in the safe use of dangerous anesthetic drugs. General anesthesia is quite safe when provided by an anesthesiologist. Liposuction under general anesthesia becomes dangerous if the amount of liposuction is excessive, if the number of body areas treated by liposuction is excessive, or if multiple unrelated surgical procedures are performed on the same day as liposuction. An anesthesiologist is not necessary whenever local anesthesia is the only anesthetic used and general anesthesia is not used.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t7. What are the risks of local anesthesia?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSee Safety &amp; Complications &gt; Risks of Local Anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t8. What are the risks of general anesthesia?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tSee Safety &amp; Complications &gt; Risks of General Anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\t9. Why don&#39;t anesthesiologists provide tumescent local anesthesia for liposuction?<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAnesthesiologists have virtually no training in tumescent local anesthesia. Most anesthesiologists have never witnessed tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia. Most anesthesiologists are not aware that liposuction by the tumescent technique can consistently be accomplished with the patient experiencing less pain and less discomfort than with the use of systemic anesthesia. Tumescent local anesthesia requires special skills and considerable clinical experience before it can be accomplished in an effective, safe, and efficient manner. Without specific training, no anesthesiologist can achieve adequate local anesthesia to permit liposuction without the help of general anesthesia or intravenous (IV) anesthesia. Although the present situation is improving, most anesthesiologists lack the scientific knowledge about the pharmacology of tumescent local anesthesia. All of the scientific literature of the past 15 years concerning the safety and efficacy of tumescent local anesthesia has been published in surgical journals. As of October 2002, there were no scientific publications in any anesthesiology journal on the topic of tumescent local anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_editorial-board":"Editorial Board -  Liposuction.com","page_content_editorial-board":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Editorial Board<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>The following surgeons represent a broad spectrum of liposuction experts from many different specialties. Members of the Editorial Board are responsible for assuring that Liposuction.Com provides information on liposuction that is well-balanced and up-to-date.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gillermo Blugermann, M.D. (Argentina)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dr G\u00e9rard Boutboul (France)<br \/>\r\nPr\u00e9sident de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Lipoplastie<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kim J. Butterwick, M.D. (USA)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>William P. Coleman, III, M.D. (USA)<br \/>\r\nEditor in Chief, Journal of Dermatologic Surgery<p>\r\n\r\n<p>Pierre Fournier, M.D. (France)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>William C. Hanke, M.D. (USA)<br \/>\r\nPrior Editor in Chief, Journal of Dermatologic Surgery<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Robert Jackson, M.D. (USA)<br \/>\r\nPast President, American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Jeffrey A. Klein, M.D. (USA)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Naomi Lawrence, M.D. (USA)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Patrick J. Lillis, M.D. (USA)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gary D. Monheit, M.D. (USA)<br \/>\r\nPast President, American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ronald L. Moy, M.D. (USA)<br \/>\r\nPrior Editor in Chief, Journal of Dermatologic Surgery<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Rhoda Narins, M.D. (USA)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gerhard Sattler, M.D. (Deutchland)<\/p> ","page_title_related-links":"Related Links -  Liposuction.com","page_content_related-links":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Related Links<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\tLiposuction101.com<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.liposuction101.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.liposuction101.com<\/a><br \/>\r\n\tInformation about a hands-on, in-the-operating-room tumescent liposuction<br \/>\r\n\tteaching course for surgeons<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tHKSurgical.Com<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hksurgical.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.hksurgical.com<\/a><br \/>\r\n\tHK Surgical, Inc. sells liposuction equipment and supplies<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tMedline Search of the National Library of Medicine<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi\" target=\"_blank\">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi<\/a><br \/>\r\n\tAn excellent search engine for information published in scientific medical journals<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tAmerican Board of Medical Specialties<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.certifieddoctor.org\" target=\"_blank\">www.certifieddoctor.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tAmerican Medical Association<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\" target=\"_blank\">www.ama-assn.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tAccreditation Association of Ambulatory Health Care<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aaahc.org\" target=\"_blank\">www.aaahc.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tAmerican Association for Accreditation for Ambulatory Surgery Facilities (AAAASF)<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a class=\"text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aaaasf.org\" target=\"_blank\">www.aaaasf.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>Medical\/Surgical Journals (Alphabetical Order)<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>American Journal of Dermatopathology<\/h3>\r\n<p><a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amjdermatopathology.com\">www.amjdermatopathology.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Annals of Plastic Surgery<\/h3>\r\n<p><a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.annalsplasticsurgery.com\">www.annalsplasticsurgery.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Archives of Dermatology<\/h3>\r\n<p><a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archderm.ama-assn.org\">archderm.ama-assn.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>British Journal Of Dermatology<\/h3>\r\n<p><a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blackwell-science.com\">www.blackwell-science.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dermatologic Surgery Journal<\/h3>\r\n<p><a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blackwellscience.com\/journals\/dermat\">www.blackwellscience.com\/journals\/dermat<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology<\/h3>\r\n<p><a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eblue.org\">www.eblue.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/h3>\r\n<p><a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.op-rs.com\">www.op-rs.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/h3>\r\n<p><a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.plasreconsurg.com\">www.plasreconsurg.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>International Societies for Liposuction<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<h3>European Academy for Cosmetic Surgery<\/h3>\r\n<p><a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.europeancosmeticsurgery.org\">www.europeancosmeticsurgery.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Lipoplastie<\/h3>\r\n<p><a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lipoplastie.com\">www.lipoplastie.com<\/a><br \/>\r\n<a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lipoplastie.net\">www.lipoplastie.net<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Medical\/Surgical Boards & Foundations<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>American Board of Medical Specialties<\/strong> <a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.abms.org\">www.abms.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>American Board of Anesthesiology<\/strong> (919) 881-2570 <a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.abanes.org\">www.abanes.org<\/a><\/p> \r\n\r\n<p><strong>American Board of Dermatology<\/strong> (313) 874-1088<a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.abderm.org\">www.abderm.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>American Board of Otolaryngology<\/strong> <a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aboto.org\">www.aboto.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology<\/strong> (214) 871-1619 <a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.abog.org\">www.abog.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>American Board of Plastic Surgery<\/strong> (215) 587-9322 <a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.abplsurg.org\">www.abplsurg.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>American Board of Surgery<\/strong> (215) 568-4000 <a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.absurgery.org\">www.absurgery.org<\/a> <\/p> \r\n\r\n<p><strong>American Board of Ophthalmology<\/strong> (610) 664-1175 <a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.abop.org\">www.abop.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>American Board of Emergency Medicine<\/strong> (517) 332-4800 <a class=\"text\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.abem.org\">www.abem.org<\/a> <\/p>","page_title_pharmacology":"Pharmacology -  Liposuction.com","page_content_pharmacology":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Pharmacology<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>This page is concerned with clinical pharmacology of the tumescent technique for local anesthesia using large volumes of very dilute lidocaine (local anesthetic) and epinephrine (vasoconstrictor that shrinks capillaries). The word tumescent means swollen and firm. With the tumescent technique such a large volume of dilute lidocaine is injected into the targeted fatty tissues that those areas become tumescent (swollen and firm). The tumescent technique produces profound local anesthesia of the skin and subcutaneous fat that lasts for many hours.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Safety of the Tumescent Technique<\/h3>\r\n<p>Safety of the tumescent technique is remarkable. No deaths have ever been reported in association with the tumescent technique for liposuction totally by local anesthesia. Most serious liposuction complications seem to be associated with excessive liposuction or multiple simultaneous unrelated surgeries, and the use of general anesthesia or narcotic analgesics. The amazing safety record of liposuction totally by local anesthesia was surprising because the technique uses dosages of lidocaine (local anesthetic) that were considered potentially toxic. The mystery of this unexpected safety was solved by studying the pharmacokinetics of tumescent lidocaine.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Pharmacokinetics<\/h3>\r\n<p>This is the science that studies the concentration, pathway and fate of drugs as they travel through the body. For example, the pharmacokinetics of tumescent lidocaine is concerned with measuring the concentration of lidocaine in the blood, and how this concentration changes over time. The toxicity of a local anesthetic is a function of its peak plasma concentration which in turn depends on several factors including the total milligram per kilogram dose, and the rates of systemic absorption and elimination.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Safe Dose<\/h3>\r\n<p>A safe dose of tumescent lidocaine is estimated to be 45 mg\/kg for thin patients, and 50 mg\/kg for average to overweight patients. (Tumescent Technique, by J. Klein, Mosby Publishers, 2000).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Lidocaine Can Be Toxic<\/h3>\r\n<p>Lidocaine can be toxic if its concentration in the blood exceeds a threshold of 6 milligrams\/liter. The most extraordinary aspect of the tumescent technique is its unprecedented safety record when used as directed. Most liposuction surgeons know that it can be dangerous to give a patient a dosage of tumescent lidocaine that exceeds 50 mg\/kg. All liposuction-related deaths have been associated with either the use of general anesthesia, or IV sedation, or grossly excessive lidocaine doses in excess of 75 mg\/kg. The tumescent technique is dangerous in the hands of surgeons or anesthesiologists who have not had specific training in the technique. There has never been a reported death associated with tumescent liposuction totally by local anesthesia.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Total Dosage of Lidocaine Affects Safety<\/h3>\r\n<p>The total amount of lidocaine, measured in terms of milligrams of lidocaine per kilogram of body weight (mg\/kg), that is given to a patient directly determines the risk of lidocaine toxicity. Following an injection of lidocaine, the concentration of lidocaine in the blood gradually increases, eventually reaching a peak, and then declines. The risk of toxicity depends on the peak concentration of lidocaine. Lower peak plasma lidocaine concentrations reduce the risk of lidocaine toxicity. The fundamental reason for the great safety of tumescent local anesthesia is its exceptionally slow rate of lidocaine absorption.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Drug Interactions Affect Safety<\/h3>\r\n<p>Certain drugs such as the SSRI antidepressant Zoloft), the antibiotic erythromycin, the antifungal drugs ketoconazole (Nizoral) and Fluconazole (Diflucan) can impair the enzyme in the liver (cytochrome P450 3A4) that is required to metabolize lidocaine. Such drugs slow the rate of metabolism, and thus increase the amount of lidocaine in the body and the peak lidocaine concentration in the blood, which in turn increases the risk of lidocaine toxicity. It is important that patients and liposuction surgeons be aware this type of drug interaction, and either discontinue all such drugs at least 10 days before surgery or reduce the dosage of lidocaine to less than 35 mg\/kg. (See Drugs that Inhibit CYP3A4)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Lidocaine Absorption Rate Affects Safety<\/h3>\r\n<p>For any given milligram per kilogram (mg\/kg) dose of lidocaine, anything that slows the rate of lidocaine absorption, will reduce the peak lidocaine plasma level, and thus reduce the risk of lidocaine toxicity. There are three factors that cause tumescent lidocaine to be absorbed from fat at an exceptionally slow rate: 1) subcutaneous fat has a relatively low volume of blood flow, 2) dilute epinephrine produces a prolonged and profound degree of vasoconstriction, and 3) lidocaine is lipophilic and is readily sequestered in fat cells. When lidocaine is injected into muscle, through a vein directly into the blood, or in the gums (for dental anesthesia) the rate of absorption into the blood is much more rapid than when lidocaine is injected into fat. Different rates of lidocaine absorption require different lidocaine dosage limits.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Tumescent Anesthesia is Local Anesthesia<\/h3>\r\n<p>When the tumescent technique is performed properly, the effects of tumescent lidocaine are local and not systemic. However, there are surgeons who do very large volume liposuction surgeries; these surgeons may use large amounts of tumescent anesthesia and expose their patients to potentially excessive amounts of injected fluids or excessive amounts of lidocaine.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Definition of Dosage and Dose<\/h3>\r\n<p>There is a distinction between the words dosage and dose.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The word dosage describes the amount of drug given to a patient expressed in units of mg\/kg where mg = the weight of the drug expressed in milligrams, and kg = the patients weight expressed in kilograms. The word dose describes the amount of drug expressed in mg units where mg = total milligrams of drug given to a patient. The word dose does not take into account the patients total body weight. By using the mg\/kg dosage to determine the amount of drug given to a patient, a physician can more accurately predict equivalent effects among patients whose weights are considerably different.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Reduced Discomfort Upon Injection<\/h3>\r\n<p>Commercially available solutions of lidocaine are made acidic in order to increase the solubility of lidocaine. If the lidocaine solution also contains epinephrine, then an acidic solution is necessary to increase the shelf-life of epinephrine. Unfortunately, acidic solutions produce a slightly painful stinging sensation upon injection into the skin or into subcutaneous fat. The stinging discomfort of an injection of lidocaine can be reduced by the addition of sodium bicarbonate into the solution to neutralize the pH of commercially available solutions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Effect on Nerve Fibers Types<\/h3>\r\n<p>Local anesthetics tend to block small nerve fibers sooner than larger fibers. Clinically this is manifested by the observation that small fibers that mediate pain and temperature, are blocked more easily than the larger sensory nerve fibers that mediate pressure, and vibrations, or motor nerves that mediate muscle function. Tumescent local anesthesia in adipose tissue produces a rapid blockade of pain and temperature sensation, while local anesthesia has less effect on pressure and vibratory sensation. Thus, with adequate infiltration of tumescent local anesthesia, patients should not feel pain during tumescent liposuction, however they will often be aware of vibrations, and a peculiar rasping sensation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Antibacterial Effects of Lidocaine<\/h3>\r\n<p>Tumescent liposuction is associated with a remarkably low risk of postoperative infections. This enviable clinical record provides strong evidence that in-vivo tumescent local anesthesia is bacteriostatic (prevents the growth of bacteria) and bacteriocidal (kills bacteria). There are few, if any, extensive surgical procedures with a lower incidence of infection than that of tumescent liposuction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Lidocaine Reduces the Risk of Infections<\/h3>\r\n<p>Two recent reports have found that dilute lidocaine in a concentration of 500 mg per liter of solution (0.05%) does have in-vitro antibacterial activity. Another study found this lidocaine dilution to be bacteriostatic for Staphylococcus aureus. Another in-vitro study, using suspensions of bacteria containing approximately 105 bacteria per ml found that all gram-positive organisms tested, including S. aureus, had significantly lower colony counts in 0.05% or higher concentrations of lidocaine diluted by the IV anesthetic propofol. There is in-vitro evidence that lidocaine is not just bacteriostatic but actually bacteriocidal for organisms isolated from skin lesions. Recently it has been shown that when sodium bicarbonate is added to lidocaine, this in-vitro bacteriocidal activity is increased.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3>Doing Too Much Liposuction is Dangerous<\/h3>\r\n<p>Common sense is still necessary. The enviable record of tumescent liposuction is attributable to 1) moderation in terms of the amount surgical trauma inflicted during a single surgical procedure, and 2) a wise selection of healthy patients. If surgeons disregard common sense and moderation in liposuction, and attempt to do too much liposuction on a single day, then the record of postoperative complications is no longer enviable.<\/p>\r\n\r\n","page_title_legal":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_legal":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Liposuction.com, Inc. Legal Statement<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h3>\r\n\tPlease completely read and print this contract. It stands as the restrictions and agreement between the owners of this site and all visitors. Please note, that local laws apply to each regional web site and facility.<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThis is a dynamic Web site, including information and inputs from colleagues as well as the site authors. In preparing this site, effort has been made to offer the most current and clearly expressed information possible. However, inadvertent errors can occur, and applicable laws, rules and regulations often change. Please do not consider this information as more than food for thought at any time. The information, links, recommendations, and implications contained in this site are comments and opinions at best and should not be taken, used, or followed without personal consultation with the site owner.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tThis information is not intended for use without professional advice.<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tFurther, the information contained herein is intended to afford general guidelines on matters of common interest. Visitors are encouraged to consult with Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; for advice concerning specific matters before making any decision, and Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; disclaims any responsibility for positions taken by Visitors or for any misunderstanding on the part of Visitors.<\/p>\r\n<h3>\r\n\tCertain links on this site lead to resources located on servers maintained by third parties over whom Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; has no control. As such, Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; makes no representation as to the accuracy, content, or any other aspect of the information contained on such servers. Let the Visitor beware!<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tTo the Visitor: Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; does not and cannot warrant the information, documentation, or software (including any fixes and updates) available from this site or the performance or results obtained by using this information, documentation, or software. This information, documentation, and software is provided &quot;as is&quot;. Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; makes no warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, noninfringement of third party rights, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose with respect to the product and the accompanying written materials. To the extent you use or implement this information, documentation, or software in your own setting, you do so at your own risk. In no event will Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; be liable to you or others for any damages arising from your use or your inability to use this information, documentation, or software, including any lost profits, lost savings, or other incidental or consequential damages, even if Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; has been advised of the possibility of such damages, or for any claim by another party.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLikewise, for services provided, they are all provided on a best-efforts basis and no guarantees of performance are stated or implied for provided services. It is the nature of the web to be dynamic, and services are based upon earnest attempts to deliver services in this uncertain and constantly changing environment. In no event will Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; be liable to you or others for any damages for any cause arising from provided services, documentation, or software, including any lost profits, lost savings, or other incidental or consequential damages, even if Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; has been advised of the possibility of such damages, or for any claim by another party.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAll copyrights, trademarks, service marks, and logos are the respective property of their holders and local laws apply to each regional web site and facility.. Some information contained in this site refers to other sites or authors, but most is original intellectual work produced by Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg; resulting from experience and supported by the research of various confirming sites already existing on the Web. If you detect any issues with the legality of this site in any way, shape, or form, problems are always unintentional and will be corrected with notification.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tCopyright &copy; 1996 to 2010 Liposuction.com, Inc.&reg;, a California Corporation. All rights reserved.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUnless otherwise allowed by law or stated elsewhere, NO part of the normally displayed text or graphics, including keywords and HTML commands not normally displayed, on this site may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including by photocopying, facsimile transmission, recording, rekeying, scanning, or yet uninvented means, or by using any information storage and retrieval system, EXCEPT WITH THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR AND APPROPRIATE REFERENCES TO THIS SITE AS DEFINED BY THE AUTHOR. All text is intellectual property and is copyrighted. Each web page or portion thereof contained in this site has a retail value of $6,999.50 US and is only available when ordered from the author. No portion of this site may be used or redistributed for commercial purposes. Utilization of resources from this site and associated servers (such as &quot;cgi&quot; programs, SMTP resources (eMail), and others) shall carry a fee of $6,999.50 per use and all such uses require the prior written permission of the author. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.usdoj.gov\/criminal\/cybercrime\/ip.html\">Theft<\/a> will result in consequences.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tWhere repeated traffic to the site is intended to disrupt performance or to consume resources (thus increasing our server fees), or where such traffic is intended to increase advertising fees associated with an outside service (such as a pay per click or impression-based billing service), each visitation will be billed at $2,599.50 per incident.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tAdditional Notices:<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tFor each visitor to our Web page, our Web server automatically collects visitor information to include their domain name, but not the e-mail address, of visitors to our web page, aggregate information on what pages consumers access or visit, user-specific information on what pages consumers access or visit and information volunteered by the consumer, such as survey information and\/or site registrations. The information we collect is used for internal review and is then discarded, used to improve the content of our Web site, used to notify consumers about updates to our Web site and not shared with other organizations for commercial purposes.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThis web site is protected by federal Copyright. Additionally, the name Liposuctionc.com and all trivial alterations are protected by federal Trademark. Use of materials or the use of liposuction.com as a keyword is prohibited. Local laws apply to each regional web site and facility.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<strong>Have an issue?<\/strong> <a class=\"ltgray\" href=\"#\">Contact us.<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tEffective January 1, 2010<\/p>\r\n","page_title_contact-us":"Contact Liposuction.com - Where Patients Come for Liposuction Information","page_content_contact-us":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Customer Support:<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div>30280 Rancho Viejo Road<br \/>\r\nSan Juan Capistrano<br \/>\r\nCA 92675<br \/>\r\n800-378-9789<br \/>\r\ninfo@liposuction.com <br \/>","page_title_laser-technique":"Laser Liposuction or Liposculpture, Laser Lipolysis Information by Liposuction.com -  Liposuction.com","page_content_laser-technique":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Laser Liposuction, Laser Lipolysis or Liposculpture<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tLaser liposuction was developed as an alternative to the manual method used in tumescent and traditional liposuction. It was also developed to help cosmetic surgeons target specific body parts that were difficult to access with the more traditional methods, but are perfectly suited to laser body sculpting. Laser liposuction, which is also known as liposculpture and laser lipolysis is somewhat different than traditional liposuction. In some techniques of laser liposuction, suction is used, while in others no actual suction is actually used. Instead of using the cannula to remove fatty deposits beneath the skin, the cannula actually houses a laser and the laser is used to literally melt the fat of the target area away. Once the fat has been liquefied using laser liposuction, it is drained from the body using tiny incisions or gently suctioned away. The procedure is considered gentler than other liposuction techniques because of the smaller cannula used and because of the smaller size of the incisions. This also means less scarring. Because of the heat used in the laser liposuction procedure, the body naturally reacts by contracting the tissues near procedure which causes the skin to tighten and become smoother.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThese liposuction lasers are specially designed to target only fat cells, protecting muscle and nerve tissue. This precision often means less pain, faster healing and very little bruising after the procedure. Additionally, different companies have created liposuction lasers that use specific wavelength frequencies for optimal results. Because of the advanced technology and the high caliber of cosmetic surgeons that use the laser liposuction procedure, it can be more costly.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLaser liposuction offers the same contouring and visual improvement of traditional liposuction and is actually being used more often in small areas of treatment. Specifically, many liposuction surgeons opt to use laser liposuction on the chin, jowls or face of a patient because of the precision of the procedure and the great success. The excess pockets of fat that can develop in this area can be melted with precision and the tightening of the skin operates almost as a face or neck lift.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIt&rsquo;s important to understand the mechanics and some of the science behind laser liposculpture if you&rsquo;re going to opt for this type of procedure. You should understand which technology your doctor plans to use and why it is beneficial and safe. So you&rsquo;re optimally prepared for your laser liposuction procedure, we&rsquo;ve developed these small snapshots of many of the technologies out in the laser lipo industry.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThere are a number of companies who have developed different liposuction lasers, each of which has a specialty.<br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/smartlipo.html\">SmartLipo<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/coollipo.html\">CoolLipo<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/prolipo-plus.html\">ProLipo PLUS<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/lipolite.html\">LipoLite<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/lipocontrol.html\">LipoTherme and LipoControl<\/a><\/p>\r\n","page_title_scientific-articles":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_scientific-articles":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Choose a Journal<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tView Lists of all Liposuction Articles from major peer-reviewed journals.<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/2004-list-of-articles.html\">2004<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/2003-list-of-articles.html\">2003<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/2002-list-of-articles.html\">2002<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/2001-list-of-articles.html\">2001<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/2000-list-of-articles.html\">2000<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1999-list-of-articles.html\">1999<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1998-list-of-articles.html\">1998<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1997-list-of-articles.html\">1997<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1996-list-of-articles.html\">1996<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1995-list-of-articles.html\">1995<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1994-list-of-articles.html\">1994<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1993-list-of-articles.html\">1993<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1992-list-of-articles.html\">1992<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1991-list-of-articles.html\">1991<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1990-list-of-articles.html\">1990<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1989-list-of-articles.html\">1989<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\">1988<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1987-list-of-articles.html\">1987<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1986-list-of-articles.html\">1986<\/a><br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/1985-list-of-articles.html\">1985<\/a><\/p>\r\n","page_title_gallery-abdomen":"Abdomen","page_content_gallery-abdomen":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Abdomen<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>The abdomen is the most common complaint of where patients want to lose weight. Both men and women can be treated by liposuction on the abdomen area. Some factors that influence the outcome of abdominal liposuction are weight gain and loss, pregnancy, age, sex, and location of the fat itself.<\/p>","field_procedures_16":"","field_facilities_5":"","field_anesthesia_6":"","field_incisions_3":"","field_aftercare_3":"","field_garments_4":"","page_title_gallery-arms":"Arms","page_content_gallery-arms":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Arms<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>Most patients have the highest satisfaction in liposuction of the arms. Tumescent liposuction can be done through micro cannulas which provide amazing results and happy patients. The procedure is mostly done by women, and having liposuction in the arms provides an overall thinner appearance. Your arms are the most visible part of the body, so liposuction of the arms gives women more confidence in wearing short sleeves.<\/p>","page_title_gallery-abdomen-male":"Abdomen, Male","page_content_gallery-abdomen-male":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Abdomen, Male<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tThe abdomen is the largest complaint of patients and the most popular area to have treated. There are two different levels of fat in the abdomen. Liposuction treats the subcutaneous fat, and this can visibly improve the abdominal area with positive cosmetic results.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_gallery-calves":"Calves","page_content_gallery-calves":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Calves<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tThe calves are very difficult to treat because liposuction of this area can change the profile of the entire lower leg. Liposuction of the calves can reduce bulge and give a slimmer silhouette. Liposuction can create a curve from the calf to the ankle creating a tapering effect.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_gallery-inner-knees":"Inner Knees","page_content_gallery-inner-knees":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Inner Knees<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tIf you are being treated with liposuction of the inner thighs, the inner knee is also recommended for symmetrical reasons. By removing fat from both areas will create a more slender effect for the legs, improving your overall silhouette.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_gallery-anterior-thighs-knees":"Anterior Thighs and Knees","page_content_gallery-anterior-thighs-knees":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Anterior Thighs and Knees<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>\r\n\tAnterior thighs and knees are recommended to be done together but in multiple treatments. This is in order to prevent risks and prolonged discomfort. It is also recommended to not remove more than 60% of fat from the area for smooth cosmetic results.<\/p>\r\n","page_title_gallery":"Before and After Liposuction Pictures -  Liposuction.com","field_beforeafter_00021":"Calves","field_beforeafter_00022":"Inner Knees","field_beforeafter_00023":"Anterior Thighs and Knees","page_content_gallery":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Gallery<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><h1>\r\n\tLiposuction Before and After Galleries<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-abdomen.html\">Abdomen<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-abdomen-male.html\">Abdomen, Male<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-abdomen-waist.html\">Abdomen, Waist, Hips &amp; Outer Thighs<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-anterior-thighs.html\">Anterior Thighs<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-anterior-thighs-knees.html\">Anterior Thighs and Knees<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-arms.html\">Arms<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-back-female.html\">Back, Female<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-breasts-female.html\">Breasts, Female<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-breasts-male.html\">Breasts, Male<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-buttocks.html\">Buttocks<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-calves.html\">Calves<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-face-neck.html\">Face and Neck<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-flanks-male.html\">Flanks, Male<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-hips.html\">Hips<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-hips-buttocks.html\">Hips, Buttocks &amp; Outer Thighs<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-hips-thighs.html\">Hips &amp; Outer Thighs<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-inner-knees.html\">Inner Knees<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-inner-thighs.html\">Inner Thighs<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-legs-ankles.html\">Legs &amp; Ankles<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-outer-thighs.html\">Outer Thighs<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-waist-hips-thighs.html\">Waist, Hips, Inner &amp; Outer Thighs<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<a href=\"\/gallery-waist-hips-outer.html\">Waist, Hips &amp; Outer Thighs<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n","page_title_gallery-back-female":"Back, Female","page_content_gallery-back-female":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>Back, Female<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><p>The back can be divided into several areas for liposuction. These areas include: infra scapular fat, posterior axillary fat, posterior waist fat, lumbo-sacral fat pad and buffalo hump. Liposuction of the back can provide enormous visible improvements. However, the procedure is easier on patients who have not lost significant amounts of weight.<\/p>","page_title_88dsweber1136":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_88dsweber1136":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>88dsweber1136<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1988 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Weber PJ, Wulc AE, Jaworsky C, Dzubow LM.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Warning: traditional liposuction cannulas may be dangerous to your patient&#39;s<br \/>\r\n\thealth.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Oct;14(10):1136-8.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania,<br \/>\r\n\tPhiladelphia.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Liposuction is the most frequently performed invasive cosmetic procedure in the<br \/>\r\n\tUnited States. The vast majority of liposuctions are performed using mechanical<br \/>\r\n\taspirators that are connected by sterile tubing to a cannula. Although<br \/>\r\n\tliposuction cannula shaft designs have been modified and &quot;perfected&quot; to various<br \/>\r\n\textents, little attention has been paid to the handle and handle\/shaft junction.<br \/>\r\n\tHerein we present an inherent design-induced difficulty of traditional<br \/>\r\n\tliposuction cannulas, the inability to be optimally cleaned. In addition, we<br \/>\r\n\tpresent a solution.<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_88dsfield1116":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_88dsfield1116":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>88dsfield1116<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1988 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Field LM, Skouge J, Anhalt TS, Recht B, Okimoto J.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Blunt liposuction cannula dissection with and without suction-assisted lipectomy<br \/>\r\n\tin reconstructive surgery.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Oct;14(10):1116-22.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Efforts continue to expand the role of blunt liposuction cannulae in flap<br \/>\r\n\televation and reconstructive surgery. Suction-assisted lipectomy to reduce the<br \/>\r\n\tactual volume of fat tissue present may allow the further reach and<br \/>\r\n\tcompressibility of mobilized flaps. These instruments find the safest possible<br \/>\r\n\tplane for continued undermining dissection even at great distances. Applications<br \/>\r\n\tyet unknown await discovery.<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_88dsbernstein1112":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_88dsbernstein1112":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>88dsbernstein1112<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1988 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Bernstein G, Hanke CW.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Safety of liposuction: a review of 9478 cases performed by dermatologists.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Oct;14(10):1112-4.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Complications and methods of anesthesia were reviewed in 9478 patients who had<br \/>\r\n\tundergone liposuction surgery often in several areas. Seventy-one percent of the<br \/>\r\n\tpatients were treated under local anesthesia and the overall level of<br \/>\r\n\tcomplications was extremely low. The results of the survey reflect the large<br \/>\r\n\tnumber of liposuction procedures that are being performed by dermatologists with<br \/>\r\n\ta high degree of patient safety.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\"><br \/>\r\n\t<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_88dscollins1139":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_88dscollins1139":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>88dscollins1139<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1988 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Collins PS.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Selection and utilization of liposuction cannulas.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Oct;14(10):1139-43.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto,<br \/>\r\n\tCalifornia.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">The liposuction surgeon can now choose from a wide variety of cannulas. However,<br \/>\r\n\tthe author has found that most procedures can be successfully performed using<br \/>\r\n\tfive or six basic types. Types of cannulas and techniques of liposuctioning are<br \/>\r\n\tbriefly described.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Publication Types:<br \/>\r\n\tReview<br \/>\r\n\tReview, Tutorial<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_88dsklein1124":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_88dsklein1124":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>88dsklein1124<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1988 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<div id=\"cke_pastebin\">\r\n\t<table align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \" width=\"100%\">\r\n\t\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t\t<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<td style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKlein JA.<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAnesthesia for liposuction in dermatologic surgery.<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Oct;14(10):1124-32.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDepartment of Dermatology, California College of Medicine, University of<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCalifornia, Irvine.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLiposuction is now a well-established procedure in dermatologic surgery. The<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\trelative advantages and risks of the various forms of primary anesthesia and<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsupplemental analgesia used for liposuction surgery in the office by<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdermatologic surgeons is described. Effective anesthetic techniques include<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tinfiltration of local anesthesia (LA) with or without intramuscular (IM),<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tintravenous (IV), or nitrous oxide sedation, cryoanesthesia, and IV or<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tinhalation general anesthesia (GA). Local anesthesia, using large volumes of<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdilute anesthetic solution containing lidocaine (0.05%), epinephrine<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(1:1,000,000), and sodium bicarbonate (12.5 meq\/L), is a safe and effective<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmodality for liposuction by dermatologists. In a study of 12 liposuction<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpatients treated with this technique, the average lidocaine dose was 1181 mg<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(9.4 mg\/kg\/hr). The highest peak lidocaine blood level among all patients was<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.484 microgram\/ml. Dermatologists should not assume the dual responsibility of<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsurgeon and of monitoring patients given IV sedation. Any form of anesthesia has<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tthe potential for serious complications. The surgeon and office staff must be<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\twell trained and equipped to perform emergency resuscitation.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPublication Types:<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReview<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReview, Tutorial<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<\/tbody>\r\n\t<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","page_title_88dscrissman1095":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_88dscrissman1095":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>88dscrissman1095<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1988 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Chrisman BB, Coleman WP 3rd.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Determining safe limits for untransfused, outpatient liposuction: personal<br \/>\r\n\texperience and review of the literature.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Oct;14(10):1095-102.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Limiting liposuction volumes to avoid transfusion is sound surgical practice.<br \/>\r\n\tAlthough the plastic surgery literature reports frequent use of transfusions in<br \/>\r\n\tliposuction surgery, dermatologists almost never use blood replacement after<br \/>\r\n\tliposuction. Techniques which favor less bleeding include sufficient use of<br \/>\r\n\tfresh epinephrine, cryoanesthesia, use of smaller cannulas, fluid preloading,<br \/>\r\n\tproper preoperative evaluation, serial liposuction, intramuscular steroids, and<br \/>\r\n\trapid application of pressure garments. A review of the literature and personal<br \/>\r\n\texperience are detailed.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Publication Types:<br \/>\r\n\tReview<br \/>\r\n\tReview, Tutorial<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_88dscoleman1085":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_88dscoleman1085":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>88dscoleman1085<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1988 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Coleman WP 3rd.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Noncosmetic applications of liposuction.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Oct;14(10):1085-90.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Doctor&#39;s Hospital of Jefferson, Metairie, Louisiana.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Noncosmetic applications of liposuction have continued to appear since its<br \/>\r\n\tintroduction into the United States in 1982. Although the most common use is in<br \/>\r\n\tremoving lipomas, liposuction has also been used for benign symmetric<br \/>\r\n\tlipomatosis, flap undermining, flap defatting, gynecomastia, pseudogynecomastia,<br \/>\r\n\tbreast reduction, buffalo hump, hypertrophic insulin lipodystrophy, lymphedema,<br \/>\r\n\tevacuating hematomas, emergency neck defatting for airway restoration, and<br \/>\r\n\taxillary hyperhidrosis. Other uses remain to be discovered.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Publication Types:<br \/>\r\n\tReview<br \/>\r\n\tReview, Tutorial<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_88dsbissasia982":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_88dsbissasia982":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>88dsbissasia982<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1988 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Bisaccia E, Scarborough DA, Swensen RD.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Syringe-assisted liposuction: a cosmetic surgeon&#39;s office technique.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Sep;14(9):982-9.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Liposuction surgery is the fastest growing cosmetic surgical procedure in the<br \/>\r\n\tUnited States. Our goal is to present a clinical review of our last 50 patients.<br \/>\r\n\tWe will present a technique of liposuction void of suction machine that is<br \/>\r\n\teasily managed as an office surgical technique. The technique is modified from<br \/>\r\n\tthat of Dr. Fournier. We will outline the technique, including patient<br \/>\r\n\tpreoperative evaluation, monitoring, fluid management, postprocedure<br \/>\r\n\tcomplications, photographic results, and, most importantly, patient selection.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\"><br \/>\r\n\t<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_88dsweber715":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_88dsweber715":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>88dsweber715<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1988 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Weber PJ, Dzubow LM.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">A new, more flexible mechanism and method of liposuction.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Jul;14(7):715-7.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">We present a new system for liposuction, formed from a blend of presently<br \/>\r\n\texisting and simple parts. It is free of the mechanical breakdown problems and<br \/>\r\n\tis not nearly as tiring as the recently developed &quot;syringe-cannula-only&quot; system.<br \/>\r\n\tThe system has other benefits that will be described. We will also discuss the<br \/>\r\n\tfull use of this simple instrument so that it may be mastered immediately by the<br \/>\r\n\treader. Because it is a major improvement over the &quot;syringe-cannula-only&quot;<br \/>\r\n\tmethod, we expect this system to see vast clinical utility in the future. Now<br \/>\r\n\tevery physician who is appropriately trained can perform an efficient<br \/>\r\n\tliposuction without expensive machinery, exhaustion, or fear of a mechanical<br \/>\r\n\tbreakdown.<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_88dsasken297":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_88dsasken297":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>88dsasken297<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1988-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1988 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Asken S.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Facial liposuction and microlipoinjection.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Mar;14(3):297-305.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">New York Medical College.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Liposuction and microlipoinjection can be used to improve the contour of the<br \/>\r\n\tface, correct certain defects, and improve signs of aging. The technique of<br \/>\r\n\tfacial liposuction as well as that of collecting and injecting the fat used for<br \/>\r\n\tmicrolipoinjection (autologous fat transplantation), is described.<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_1987-list-of-articles":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_1987-list-of-articles":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>1987 Articles<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><strong>1987List of Articles<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"style1\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; \">De<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-size: 13px; \">rmatologic Surgery&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"style1\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; \">Peer Review Articles with links to abstracts<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-size: 9pt;\">&nbsp;<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-size: 9pt;\">Letters to editor, discussions, etc. no abstracts available<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\" style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); \">Back to Choose a Journal<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<strong>8712-1333 Mantse<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\tMantse L.<br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/87dsmantse1333.html\" style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); \">Liposuction under local anesthesia: a retrospective analysis of 100 patients<\/a>. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987 Dec;13(12):1333-8. PMID: 3680748<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<strong>8712-1302 Field&nbsp;<\/strong><br \/>\r\n\tField LM, Novy FG 3rd.<br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/87dsfield1302.html\" style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); \">Flap elevation and mobilization by blunt liposuction cannula dissection to<br \/>\r\n\trepair temple defect<\/a>. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987 Dec;13(12):1302-5. PMID: 3680744<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<strong>8712-1295 Coleman&nbsp;<\/strong><br \/>\r\n\tColeman WP 3rd.<br \/>\r\n\tLiposuction and anesthesia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987 Dec;13(12):1295-6.&nbsp;<strong>No abstract available<\/strong>. PMID: 3680742<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<strong>8709-1040 Field<\/strong><br \/>\r\n\tField LM.<br \/>\r\n\tThe dermatologist and liposuction--a history. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987 Sep;13(9):1040-1.&nbsp;<strong>No abstract available<\/strong>. PMID: 3305646<\/p>\r\n","page_title_87dsmantse1333":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_87dsmantse1333":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>87dsmantse1333<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1987-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1987 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Mantse L.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Liposuction under local anesthesia: a retrospective analysis of 100 patients.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987 Dec;13(12):1333-8.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Liposuction was used for the purpose of body contouring in 100 patients. Among<br \/>\r\n\tthese patients, three had lipoma, and one had gynaecomastia. The 100 consecutive<br \/>\r\n\tpatients had liposuction surgery performed on an outpatient basis, using local<br \/>\r\n\tanesthesia. Ninety-one patients were women, and 9 were men. Seventy-one had<br \/>\r\n\tbilateral procedures and 29 had liposuctions in one region of the body. The most<br \/>\r\n\tcommon areas treated were lateral thighs, followed by the neck for treatment of<br \/>\r\n\t&quot;double chin.&quot; The youngest patient was 19 years of age and the oldest 73. There<br \/>\r\n\twere no significant complications. The most common postoperative complaints were<br \/>\r\n\tpain, ecchymosis, edema, and temporary hyperethesia. Four patients required<br \/>\r\n\t&quot;touch-up&quot; procedures.<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_87dsfield1302":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_87dsfield1302":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>87dsfield1302<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1987-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1987 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Field LM, Novy FG 3rd.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Flap elevation and mobilization by blunt liposuction cannula dissection to<br \/>\r\n\trepair temple defect.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987 Dec;13(12):1302-5.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Dermatologic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">After Mohs micrographically controlled removal of a recurrent squamous cell<br \/>\r\n\tcarcinoma, a 6 X 7-cm defect of the temple was closed with a large cheek and<br \/>\r\n\tneck flap elevated and mobilized by blunt liposuction cannula dissection<br \/>\r\n\ttechniques and rotated into the defect. An excellent cosmetic and functional<br \/>\r\n\tresult was obtained.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Publication Types:<br \/>\r\n\tCase Reports<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_1986-list-of-articles":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_1986-list-of-articles":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>1986 Articles<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><strong>1986 List of Articles<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"style1\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; \">De<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-size: 13px; \">rmatologic Surgery&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"style1\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; \">Peer Review Articles with links to abstracts<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-size: 9pt;\">&nbsp;<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-size: 9pt;\">Letters to editor, discussions, etc. no abstracts available<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\" style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); \">Back to Choose a Journal<\/a><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \">8609-917 Field<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tField LM.<br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/86dsfield917.html\" style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); \">Adjunctive liposurgical debulking and flap dissection in neck reconstruction<\/a>. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1986 Sep;12(9):917-20. PMID: 3745617<\/p>\r\n","page_title_86dsfield917":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_86dsfield917":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>86dsfield917<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1986-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to List of Articles<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t1986 Abstract<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \">Field LM.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Adjunctive liposurgical debulking and flap dissection in neck reconstruction.<br \/>\r\n\tJ Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1986 Sep;12(9):917-20.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Closing the defect resulting from excision of a 50 X 55 mm malignant lesion on<br \/>\r\n\tthe posterior aspect of the lateral neck was accomplished by mobilization of the<br \/>\r\n\tentire submental and submandibular neck skin utilizing liposuction surgery<br \/>\r\n\tdissecting techniques. This is the first reported case using this relatively<br \/>\r\n\tatraumatic surgical modality to dissect redundant skin for use in flap<br \/>\r\n\treconstruction.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<font class=\"Apple-style-span\" color=\"#333333\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'\">Publication Types:<br \/>\r\n\tCase Reports<\/font><\/p>\r\n","page_title_1985-list-of-articles":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_1985-list-of-articles":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>1985 Articles<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><strong>1985 List of Articles<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"style1\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; \">De<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-size: 13px; \">rmatologic Surgery&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"style1\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; \">Peer Review Articles with links to abstracts<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-size: 9pt;\">&nbsp;<\/span><br \/>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-size: 9pt;\">Letters to editor, discussions, etc. no abstracts available<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\" style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); \">Back to Choose a Journal<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<strong>8511-1070 Rubenstein<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\tRubenstein R, Roenigk HH Jr, Garden JM, Goldberg NS, Pinski JB.<br \/>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/85dsrubenstein1070.html\" style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); \">Liposuction for lipomas<\/a>. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1985 Nov;11(11):1070-4. PMID: 4056191<\/p>\r\n","page_title_85dsrubenstein1070":"Liposuction.com - Liposuction Information \/ Liposuction Doctor and Surgeon Search -  Liposuction.com","page_content_85dsrubenstein1070":"<h1 class='resultTitle'>85dsrubenstein1070<\/h1><div class='line2'><\/div><meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<meta content=\"text\/html;charset=UTF-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" \/>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; font-size: 13px; \"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; \"><img alt=\"\" src=\"uploads\/c9a49d83c5.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; float: left; width: 100px; height: 125px; \" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; \"><strong>Dermatologic Surgery<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, 'MS Sans Serif'; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); \">\r\n\t<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; \"><a href=\"\/1985-list-of-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;\">Back to Choose a Journal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"\/scientific-articles.html\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"-webkit
